{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993661042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043808","title":"Grading vascularity from histopathological images based on traveling salesman distance and vessel size","display_name":"Grading vascularity from histopathological images based on traveling salesman distance and vessel size","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993661042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043808","mag":"1993661042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2043808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034159054","display_name":"Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1278-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Khalid Khan Niazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","The Ohio State University UNITED STATES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111449644","display_name":"Jessica Hemminger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Hemminger","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","The Ohio State University UNITED STATES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034147671","display_name":"Habibe Kurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habibe Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","The Ohio State University UNITED STATES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018821266","display_name":"Gerard Lozanski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5095-0456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Lozanski","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","The Ohio State University UNITED STATES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077316017","display_name":"Metin N. G\u00fcrcan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-8229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Metin Gurcan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","The Ohio State University UNITED STATES"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034159054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56278223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9041","issue":null,"first_page":"90410C","last_page":"90410C"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10422","display_name":"Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascularity","display_name":"Vascularity","score":0.7235592007637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-vessel","display_name":"Blood vessel","score":0.584945559501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microvessel","display_name":"Microvessel","score":0.5519947409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5234884023666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.5016841888427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd34","display_name":"CD34","score":0.4879907965660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.463382363319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-marrow","display_name":"Bone marrow","score":0.4249383807182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36161088943481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.35595065355300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunohistochemistry","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","score":0.3553686738014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3242247700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27125585079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.18627774715423584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178596483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7916472","display_name":"Vascularity","level":2,"score":0.7235592007637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777663904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q988343","display_name":"Blood vessel","level":2,"score":0.584945559501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632335","display_name":"Microvessel","level":3,"score":0.5519947409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5234884023666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.5016841888427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10205521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4035578","display_name":"CD34","level":3,"score":0.4879907965660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.463382363319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780007613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546523","display_name":"Bone marrow","level":2,"score":0.4249383807182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36161088943481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35595065355300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.3553686738014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3242247700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27125585079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18627774715423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2043808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169105932","https://openalex.org/W1597336200","https://openalex.org/W1677580331","https://openalex.org/W1898065458","https://openalex.org/W1965680834","https://openalex.org/W1994526605","https://openalex.org/W2007340184","https://openalex.org/W2037402988","https://openalex.org/W2048030863","https://openalex.org/W2083147924","https://openalex.org/W2090550165","https://openalex.org/W2101496688","https://openalex.org/W2102695035","https://openalex.org/W2126602541","https://openalex.org/W2130455044","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2133704945","https://openalex.org/W2157769714","https://openalex.org/W2189916683","https://openalex.org/W3118260104","https://openalex.org/W4234864303","https://openalex.org/W4292083457","https://openalex.org/W6601087458","https://openalex.org/W6606842938","https://openalex.org/W6635816984","https://openalex.org/W6637478939","https://openalex.org/W6639850509","https://openalex.org/W6649043292","https://openalex.org/W6652245968","https://openalex.org/W6659995096","https://openalex.org/W6662206806","https://openalex.org/W6671232576","https://openalex.org/W6673089926","https://openalex.org/W6675452190","https://openalex.org/W6679581355","https://openalex.org/W6679648742","https://openalex.org/W6738852829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1953262712","https://openalex.org/W2405357586","https://openalex.org/W2341860936","https://openalex.org/W80584602","https://openalex.org/W2415178090","https://openalex.org/W2157930897","https://openalex.org/W1984614863","https://openalex.org/W2368954292","https://openalex.org/W2022302093","https://openalex.org/W2369708708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vascularity":[0],"represents":[1],"an":[2],"important":[3],"element":[4],"of":[5,83,108,140,160,163,166,172,175,185,199,264,308,313,321,324,327,335,338,349],"tissue/tumor":[6],"microenvironment":[7],"and":[8,16,45,54,67,111,125,218,357,365],"is":[9,117],"implicated":[10],"in":[11,180,205,248,259,286],"tumor":[12],"growth,":[13],"metastatic":[14],"potential":[15],"resistence":[17],"to":[18,30,38,57,64,78,122],"therapy.":[19],"Small":[20],"blood":[21,104,151,167,187,194,209,216,220,253,328,343],"vessels":[22,105,210,217,329,344],"can":[23,345],"be":[24],"visualized":[25],"using":[26,256],"immunohistochemical":[27],"stains":[28],"specific":[29],"vascular":[31,40,90],"cells.":[32],"However,":[33],"currently":[34],"used":[35],"manual":[36],"methods":[37,56,107],"assess":[39],"density":[41,60,71,255],"are":[42,46,61,363],"poorly":[43],"reproducible":[44],"at":[47,305],"best":[48],"semi":[49],"quantitative.":[50],"Computer":[51],"based":[52],"quantitative":[53],"objective":[55],"measure":[58],"microvessel":[59],"urgently":[62],"needed":[63],"better":[65],"understand":[66],"clinically":[68],"utilize":[69],"microvascular":[70],"information.":[72],"We":[73],"propose":[74],"a":[75,95],"new":[76],"method":[77,98,224],"quantify":[79],"vascularity":[80],"from":[81,129,148],"images":[82,137,232],"bone":[84,131,229,261,265,351],"marrow":[85,132,230,262,266,352],"biopsies":[86,268],"stained":[87,233],"for":[88],"CD34":[89,235],"lining":[91],"cells":[92],"protein":[93],"as":[94],"model.":[96],"The":[97,115,223,244],"starts":[99],"by":[100,106,119,241,251,280],"automatically":[101],"segmenting":[102],"the":[103,130,136,141,149,161,164,173,177,181,186,190,197,200,212,272,293,302,306,309,314,318,322,325,332,336,339,350,355,361],"<i>maxlink":[109],"thresholding</i>":[110],"minimum":[112,182],"graph":[113],"cuts.":[114],"segmentation":[116],"followed":[118],"morphological":[120],"post-processing":[121],"reduce":[123],"blast":[124],"small":[126],"spurious":[127],"objects":[128],"images.":[133,153,269],"To":[134,270],"classify":[135],"into":[138],"one":[139],"four":[142,158,170],"grades,":[143],"we":[144],"extracted":[145],"20":[146],"features":[147,155,315],"segmented":[150],"vessel":[152,221,254],"These":[154],"include":[156],"first":[157,169,333],"moments":[159,171],"distribution":[162,174,323,337],"area":[165,326],"vessels,":[168,188,195],"1)":[176],"edge":[178],"weights":[179],"spanning":[183],"tree":[184],"2)":[189],"shortest":[191,201,213,340],"distance":[192,202,206,341],"between":[193,207,215,287,342],"3)":[196],"homogeneity":[198],"(absolute":[203],"difference":[204],"consecutive":[208],"along":[211,330],"path)":[214],"5)":[219],"orientation.":[222],"was":[225,277,297],"tested":[226],"on":[227],"26":[228],"biopsy":[231],"with":[234,283,331],"IHC":[236],"stain,":[237],"which":[238],"were":[239],"evaluated":[240],"three":[242,303],"pathologists.":[243],"pathologists":[245,304,362],"took":[246],"part":[247],"this":[249],"study":[250],"quantifying":[252],"gestalt":[257],"assessment":[258],"hematopoietic":[260],"portions":[263],"core":[267],"determine":[271],"intra-reader":[273],"variability,":[274],"each":[275,281,291],"image":[276],"graded":[278],"twice":[279],"pathologist":[282],"two-week":[284],"interval":[285],"their":[288],"readings.":[289],"For":[290],"image,":[292],"ground":[294],"truth":[295],"(grade)":[296],"acquired":[298],"through":[299],"consensus":[300],"among":[301,360],"end":[307],"study.":[310],"A":[311],"ranking":[312],"reveals":[316],"that":[317],"fourth":[319],"moment":[320,334],"correctly":[346],"grade":[347],"68.2%":[348],"biopsies,":[353],"while":[354],"intra-":[356],"inter-reader":[358],"variability":[359],"66.9%":[364],"40.0%,":[366],"respectively.":[367]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
