{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088556552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043751","title":"Distinguishing prostate cancer from benign confounders via a cascaded classifier on multi-parametric MRI","display_name":"Distinguishing prostate cancer from benign confounders via a cascaded classifier on multi-parametric MRI","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088556552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043751","mag":"2088556552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2043751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055697525","display_name":"Geert Litjens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-1291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.J.S. Litjens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110173282","display_name":"Robin Elliott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Elliott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States)","Case Western Reserve University, United#N#                     States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University, United#N#                     States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052666922","display_name":"Natalie Shih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Shih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028140714","display_name":"Michael D. Feldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-4940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Feldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Pennsylvania (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania UNITED STATES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024003056","display_name":"Jelle O. Barentsz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-2184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. O. Barentsz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113733295","display_name":"Christina A. Hulsbergen \u2010 van de Kaa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. A. Hulsbergen - van de Kaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074386604","display_name":"Iringo Kovacs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054345200","display_name":"Henkjan Huisman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6753-3221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. J. Huisman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Ctr. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027642699","display_name":"Anant Madabhushi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-0399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Madabhushi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States)","Case Western Reserve University, United#N#                     States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University, United#N#                     States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84951023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9035","issue":null,"first_page":"903512","last_page":"903512"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10543","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostatectomy","display_name":"Prostatectomy","score":0.8240745067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"Prostate cancer","score":0.8160784244537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.7117125391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5335382223129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate","display_name":"Prostate","score":0.5077539682388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.4940805733203888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.4538392722606659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.4319368004798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrophy","display_name":"Atrophy","score":0.4245809018611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4138299226760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3597269356250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.24148118495941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13100874423980713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765251","display_name":"Prostatectomy","level":4,"score":0.8240745067596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.8160784244537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.7117125391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5335382223129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate","level":3,"score":0.5077539682388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4940805733203888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4538392722606659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.4319368004798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520","display_name":"Atrophy","level":2,"score":0.4245809018611908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4138299226760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3597269356250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.24148118495941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13100874423980713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2043751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138069762","https://openalex.org/W1938234037","https://openalex.org/W1973208804","https://openalex.org/W1986724697","https://openalex.org/W1991019671","https://openalex.org/W2000539041","https://openalex.org/W2001924303","https://openalex.org/W2003854483","https://openalex.org/W2006671261","https://openalex.org/W2016494145","https://openalex.org/W2020439157","https://openalex.org/W2026481965","https://openalex.org/W2027710019","https://openalex.org/W2027967978","https://openalex.org/W2032012262","https://openalex.org/W2042098439","https://openalex.org/W2046168168","https://openalex.org/W2087828746","https://openalex.org/W2105464873","https://openalex.org/W2109923019","https://openalex.org/W2110411550","https://openalex.org/W2124539070","https://openalex.org/W2134850935","https://openalex.org/W2141967861","https://openalex.org/W2145046071","https://openalex.org/W2148312938","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2167565818","https://openalex.org/W2444402913","https://openalex.org/W2568526264","https://openalex.org/W2594972269","https://openalex.org/W4206679801","https://openalex.org/W6605607087","https://openalex.org/W6640473398","https://openalex.org/W6643768506","https://openalex.org/W6648026230","https://openalex.org/W6651329272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994176440","https://openalex.org/W2481749367","https://openalex.org/W2510575233","https://openalex.org/W2495367848","https://openalex.org/W830718730","https://openalex.org/W2793477322","https://openalex.org/W2088520467","https://openalex.org/W2075763133","https://openalex.org/W2376423713","https://openalex.org/W1583600832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"how":[1],"to":[2,33,42,56,71,94,123,140,188,213,222,294],"separate":[3,57],"benign":[4,61,76,126,339],"confounders":[5,17,62,127,373],"from":[6,128,144,184,236,242,251,374],"prostate":[7,58,129,262],"cancer":[8,59,143,182],"is":[9,54,169,352],"important":[10,156],"because":[11,268],"the":[12,22,26,75,101,117,134,145,154,173,179,223,237,243,252,258,271,281,320,338,343,359],"imaging":[13,247,254],"characteristics":[14],"of":[15,25,74,100,116,136,153,172,178,200,204,257,273,280,337,345],"these":[16],"are":[18,333],"poorly":[19],"understood.":[20],"Furthermore,":[21,358],"typical":[23],"representations":[24,99],"MRI":[27,64,102,118,138,160,211,225],"parameters":[28,103],"might":[29],"not":[30],"be":[31],"enough":[32],"allow":[34,122],"discrimination.":[35],"The":[36,216,300],"diagnostic":[37,45],"uncertainty":[38],"this":[39,48,90,191],"causes":[40],"leads":[41],"a":[43,50,149,207,307,350,353],"lower":[44],"accuracy.":[46],"In":[47,89],"paper":[49],"new":[51],"cascaded":[52,150,360],"classifier":[53,296,361],"introduced":[55],"and":[60,131,167,175,181,248,261,365,379],"on":[63,313],"in":[65,306,349,368],"conjunction":[66],"with":[67],"specific":[68,125],"computer-extracted":[69,137],"features":[70,120,139,235,241,250,265,277,302,332],"distinguish":[72,124],"each":[73,256,279,317,336],"classes":[77,147,260,282],"(benign":[78],"prostatic":[79,85],"hyperplasia":[80],"(BPH),":[81],"inflammation,":[82,166],"atrophy":[83],"or":[84],"intra-epithelial":[86],"neoplasia":[87],"(PIN).":[88],"study":[91],"we":[92,193],"tried":[93],"(1)":[95],"calculate":[96],"different":[97,111],"mathematical":[98],"which":[104,115,310],"more":[105,321],"clearly":[106],"express":[107],"subtle":[108],"differences":[109],"between":[110],"classes,":[112,340],"(2)":[113,132],"learn":[114],"image":[119],"will":[121],"cancer,":[130],"find":[133],"combination":[135],"best":[141],"discriminate":[142],"confounding":[146],"using":[148,227,285],"classifier.":[151],"One":[152],"most":[155],"requirements":[157],"for":[158,162,255,278,325,335,341,356,371],"identifying":[159],"signatures":[161],"adenocarcinoma,":[163],"BPH,":[164],"atrophy,":[165],"PIN":[168],"accurate":[170],"mapping":[171],"location":[174],"spatial":[176],"extent":[177],"confounder":[180,259],"categories":[183],"ex":[185],"vivo":[186],"histopathology":[187],"MRI.":[189],"Towards":[190],"end":[192],"employed":[194],"an":[195,228],"annotated":[196],"prostatectomy":[197,217],"data":[198],"set":[199],"31":[201],"patients,":[202],"all":[203],"whom":[205],"underwent":[206],"multi-parametric":[208],"3":[209],"Tesla":[210],"prior":[212],"radical":[214],"prostatectomy.":[215],"slides":[218],"were":[219,266,283,303],"carefully":[220],"co-registered":[221],"corresponding":[224],"slices":[226],"elastic":[229],"registration":[230],"technique.":[231],"We":[232],"extracted":[233],"texture":[234],"T2-weighted":[238],"imaging,":[239],"pharmacokinetic":[240],"dynamic":[244],"contrast":[245],"enhanced":[246],"diffusion":[249],"diffusion-weighted":[253],"cancer.":[263],"These":[264],"selected":[267,284,301],"they":[269],"form":[270],"mainstay":[272],"clinical":[274],"diagnosis.":[275],"Relevant":[276],"maximum":[286],"relevance":[287],"minimum":[288],"redundancy":[289],"feature":[290,298],"selection,":[291],"allowing":[292],"us":[293],"perform":[295],"independent":[297],"selection.":[299],"then":[304],"incorporated":[305],"cascading":[308],"classifier,":[309],"can":[311],"focus":[312],"easier":[314],"sub-tasks":[315],"at":[316],"stage,":[318],"leaving":[319],"difficult":[322],"classification":[323],"tasks":[324],"later":[326],"stages.":[327],"Results":[328],"show":[329],"that":[330],"distinct":[331],"relevant":[334],"example":[342],"fraction":[344],"extra-vascular,":[346],"extra-cellular":[347],"space":[348],"voxel":[351],"clear":[354],"discriminator":[355],"inflammation.":[357],"outperforms":[362],"both":[363],"multi-class":[364],"one-shot":[366],"classifiers":[367],"overall":[369],"accuracy":[370],"discriminating":[372],"cancer:":[375],"0.76":[376],"versus":[377],"0.71":[378],"0.62.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}