{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023536736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042336","title":"Extraction and labeling high-resolution images from PDF documents","display_name":"Extraction and labeling high-resolution images from PDF documents","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023536736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042336","mag":"2023536736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069295413","display_name":"Suchet K. Chachra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suchet K. Chachra","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018828944","display_name":"Zhiyun Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0644-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyun Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073995883","display_name":"Sameer Antani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-1387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameer Antani","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046764593","display_name":"Dina Demner\u2010Fushman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dina Demner-Fushman","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103701816","display_name":"George R. Thoma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George R. Thoma","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9021","issue":null,"first_page":"90210Q","last_page":"90210Q"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7990549206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.6233822107315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5808647871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.5662897825241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-image-annotation","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","score":0.4826700985431671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4803636968135834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4676344692707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4625733494758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-based-image-retrieval","display_name":"Content-based image retrieval","score":0.45013442635536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4402603209018707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43687519431114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4246135354042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.42221683263778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07211238145828247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7990549206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.6233822107315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5808647871017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5662897825241089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199579030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2851778","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","level":4,"score":0.4826700985431671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4803636968135834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4676344692707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4625733494758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780052074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128648","display_name":"Content-based image retrieval","level":4,"score":0.45013442635536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4402603209018707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43687519431114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4246135354042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.42221683263778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07211238145828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042336","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198508004","https://openalex.org/W216012752","https://openalex.org/W1210424432","https://openalex.org/W1515429414","https://openalex.org/W1527794404","https://openalex.org/W1967841207","https://openalex.org/W1970447748","https://openalex.org/W2005777475","https://openalex.org/W2041812800","https://openalex.org/W2047334181","https://openalex.org/W2073982987","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6608647691","https://openalex.org/W6631693480","https://openalex.org/W6642723800","https://openalex.org/W6651887104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2573424097","https://openalex.org/W2031096531","https://openalex.org/W2905186525","https://openalex.org/W2042500714","https://openalex.org/W826460979","https://openalex.org/W2141292664","https://openalex.org/W3197447665","https://openalex.org/W2602624304","https://openalex.org/W4327774125","https://openalex.org/W2590792214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accuracy":[0],"of":[1,18,34,54,69,82,144,189,207,212,216],"content-based":[2],"image":[3,8,19,26,40,151,160,172,193,197],"retrieval":[4],"is":[5],"affected":[6],"by":[7,78],"resolution":[9,14],"among":[10],"other":[11],"factors.":[12],"Higher":[13],"images":[15,113,137,168],"enable":[16],"extraction":[17,152],"features":[20],"that":[21,162],"more":[22],"accurately":[23],"represent":[24],"the":[25,32,61,66,73,79,106,109,120,133,140,145,150,164,171,176,183,187,217],"content.":[27],"In":[28],"order":[29],"to":[30,48,104,115,158,203],"improve":[31],"relevance":[33],"search":[35,41],"results":[36],"for":[37],"our":[38],"biomedical":[39,57,70],"engine,":[42],"Open-I,":[43],"we":[44,131,200],"have":[45,124],"developed":[46],"techniques":[47],"extract":[49],"and":[50,89,154,179,209],"label":[51],"high-resolution":[52],"versions":[53],"figures":[55],"from":[56,72],"articles":[58,71],"supplied":[59,92],"in":[60,87,90,119,214],"PDF":[62,93,97],"format.":[63],"Open-I":[64],"uses":[65],"open-access":[67],"subset":[68],"PubMed":[74],"Central":[75],"repository":[76],"hosted":[77],"National":[80],"Library":[81],"Medicine.":[83],"Articles":[84],"are":[85],"available":[86],"XML":[88,141],"publisher":[91],"formats.":[94],"As":[95],"these":[96],"documents":[98],"contain":[99],"little":[100],"or":[101],"no":[102],"meta-data":[103],"identify":[105],"embedded":[107],"images,":[108],"task":[110],"includes":[111],"labeling":[112,161,215],"according":[114],"their":[116],"figure":[117],"number":[118],"article":[121],"after":[122],"they":[123],"been":[125],"successfully":[126],"extracted.":[127],"For":[128],"this":[129],"purpose":[130],"use":[132],"labeled":[134],"small":[135],"size":[136],"provided":[138],"with":[139],"web":[142],"version":[143],"article.":[146],"This":[147],"paper":[148],"describes":[149],"process":[153],"two":[155,167,190],"alternative":[156],"approaches":[157],"perform":[159],"measure":[163],"similarity":[165,180],"between":[166,186],"based":[169,181,195],"upon":[170,182],"intensity":[173,198],"projection":[174],"on":[175,196],"coordinate":[177],"axes":[178],"normalized":[184],"cross-correlation":[185],"intensities":[188],"images.":[191,219],"Using":[192],"identification":[194],"projection,":[199],"were":[201],"able":[202],"achieve":[204],"a":[205,210],"precision":[206],"92.84%":[208],"recall":[211],"82.18%":[213],"extracted":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}