{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005042910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042316","title":"Mathematical limitations when choosing psychophysical methods: geometric versus linear grey scales","display_name":"Mathematical limitations when choosing psychophysical methods: geometric versus linear grey scales","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005042910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042316","mag":"2005042910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059039994","display_name":"Niels Dekker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73305655","display_name":"AkzoNobel (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/017ctmv39","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73305655"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels Dekker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akzo Nobel Coating B.V. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akzo Nobel Coating B.V. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73305655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002465262","display_name":"Marcel P. Lucassen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Lucassen","raw_affiliation_strings":["LUCASSEN Colour Research (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LUCASSEN Colour Research (Netherlands)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019467658","display_name":"Eric Kirchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73305655","display_name":"AkzoNobel (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/017ctmv39","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73305655"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Kirchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Akzo Nobel Coating B.V. (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Akzo Nobel Coating B.V. (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73305655"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070239231","display_name":"Philipp Urban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9565-3906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Urban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031979323","display_name":"Rafael Huertas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-0151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Huertas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. de Granada (Spain)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. de Granada (Spain)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64557038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9018","issue":null,"first_page":"90180G","last_page":"90180G"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/achromatic-lens","display_name":"Achromatic lens","score":0.8669866919517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6597338318824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6024101972579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-scale","display_name":"Grey scale","score":0.6011481881141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5869633555412292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-difference","display_name":"Color difference","score":0.4887208938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4673369824886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4551049470901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4515196979045868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-level","display_name":"Grey level","score":0.4449031949043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44229137897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37335336208343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3199720084667206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.127936452627182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12603020668029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09442523121833801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.07386553287506104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121535716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q340600","display_name":"Achromatic lens","level":2,"score":0.8669866919517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6597338318824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6024101972579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992798094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grey scale","level":2,"score":0.6011481881141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5869633555412292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186991048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184883","display_name":"Color difference","level":3,"score":0.4887208938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4673369824886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4551049470901489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4515196979045868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994222927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grey level","level":3,"score":0.4449031949043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44229137897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37335336208343506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3199720084667206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.127936452627182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12603020668029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09442523121833801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.07386553287506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-290989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-290989.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IGD","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/383921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/383921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1742796442","https://openalex.org/W2013932611","https://openalex.org/W2024754190","https://openalex.org/W2300163629","https://openalex.org/W2399882601","https://openalex.org/W2460164833","https://openalex.org/W4239196173","https://openalex.org/W4241497452","https://openalex.org/W4242935836","https://openalex.org/W4251929497","https://openalex.org/W4253006302","https://openalex.org/W4321429444","https://openalex.org/W6637716133","https://openalex.org/W6654038094","https://openalex.org/W6712699680","https://openalex.org/W7042866947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379164244","https://openalex.org/W3193500226","https://openalex.org/W2334954165","https://openalex.org/W2390533379","https://openalex.org/W2315790433","https://openalex.org/W2399601041","https://openalex.org/W1986248454","https://openalex.org/W4290139925","https://openalex.org/W98276734","https://openalex.org/W2132881881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"grey":[1,42,61,80,123,186,207],"scale":[2,81,134,148,176,187],"method":[3],"is":[4,197],"commonly":[5],"used":[6,64,136],"for":[7,14,161,219,222],"investigating":[8],"differences":[9,21,31,52,98,104,138,204],"in":[10,32,65,82,99],"material":[11],"appearance.":[12],"Specifically,":[13],"testing":[15],"color":[16,20,51,97,103,137,203],"difference":[17],"equations,":[18],"perceived":[19],"between":[22,105],"sample":[23,37,100],"pairs":[24],"are":[25,44,63],"obtained":[26],"by":[27,114],"visually":[28],"comparing":[29],"to":[30,116],"a":[33,83,91,118,121],"series":[34],"of":[35,41,71,79,127,174,184],"achromatic":[36,129],"pairs.":[38,130,188],"Two":[39],"types":[40,78],"scales":[43,62],"known:":[45],"linear":[46,119,133,223],"and":[47,68,109,177,194],"geometric.":[48],"Their":[49],"instrumental":[50],"vary":[53],"linearly":[54],"or":[55,120],"geometrically":[56],"(i.e.,":[57],"exponentially),":[58],"respectively.":[59],"Geometric":[60],"ISO":[66],"standards":[67],"standard":[69],"procedures":[70],"the":[72,132,146,162,171,175,181,185],"textile":[73],"industries.":[74],"We":[75,189],"compared":[76],"both":[77,125],"psychophysical":[84],"study.":[85],"Color":[86],"patches":[87],"were":[88,112],"shown":[89],"on":[90],"color-calibrated":[92],"display.":[93],"Ten":[94],"observers":[95],"assessed":[96],"pairs,":[101],"with":[102,205],"\u0394Eab":[106,139,182],"=":[107,140],"0.13":[108],"2.50.":[110],"Assessments":[111],"scored":[113],"comparison":[115],"either":[117],"geometric":[122,147,163,206,220],"scale,":[124,164],"consisting":[126],"six":[128],"For":[131,145],"we":[135],"0.0,":[141],"0.6,":[142],"1.2,...,":[143],"3.0.":[144],"this":[149,192,196],"was":[150],"\u0394Eab=0.0,":[151],"0.4,":[152],"0.8,":[153],"1.6,":[154],"3.2,":[155],"6.4.":[156],"Our":[157,209],"results":[158],"show":[159],"that":[160],"data":[165],"from":[166],"visual":[167],"scores":[168],"clutter":[169],"at":[170],"low":[172],"end":[173],"do":[178],"not":[179],"match":[180],"range":[183],"explain":[190],"why":[191,195,212],"happens,":[193],"mathematically":[198],"inevitable":[199],"when":[200],"studying":[201],"small":[202],"scales.":[208,224],"analysis":[210],"explains":[211],"previous":[213],"studies":[214],"showed":[215],"larger":[216],"observer":[217],"variability":[218],"than":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}