{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075296317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042226","title":"An automatic machine learning system for coronary calcium scoring in clinical non-contrast enhanced, ECG-triggered cardiac CT","display_name":"An automatic machine learning system for coronary calcium scoring in clinical non-contrast enhanced, ECG-triggered cardiac CT","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075296317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042226","mag":"2075296317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028639654","display_name":"Jelmer M. Wolterink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelmer M. Wolterink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053071529","display_name":"Tim Leiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Leiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002161935","display_name":"Richard A. P. Takx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. P. Takx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033933581","display_name":"Max A. Viergever","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max A. Viergever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084070018","display_name":"Ivana I\u0161gum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1869-5034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018483916","display_name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","ror":"https://ror.org/0575yy874","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana I\u0161gum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr. Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018483916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Medical Ctr., Utrecht (Netherlands)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9035","issue":null,"first_page":"90350E","last_page":"90350E"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10372","display_name":"Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5747399926185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5634647607803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5610654354095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.527451753616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.48954352736473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.48792764544487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agatston-score","display_name":"Agatston score","score":0.43891435861587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.37320342659950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3593650460243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-calcium","display_name":"Coronary artery calcium","score":0.34622132778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.34198543429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.1901583969593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10810208320617676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5747399926185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5634647607803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5610654354095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.527451753616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48954352736473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.48792764544487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5629407","display_name":"Agatston score","level":4,"score":0.43891435861587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.37320342659950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3593650460243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994533308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5629407","display_name":"Coronary artery calcium","level":3,"score":0.34622132778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.34198543429374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.1901583969593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10810208320617676}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2042226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.amsterdamumc.nl:openaire_cris_publications/0cb06481-839f-459e-89d5-3235501e0cb0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amsterdamumc.nl/en/publications/0cb06481-839f-459e-89d5-3235501e0cb0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055222","display_name":"Pure Amsterdam UMC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wolterink, J M, Leiner, T, Takx, R A P, Viergever, M A & I\u0161gum, I 2014, An automatic machine learning system for coronary calcium scoring in clinical non-contrast enhanced, ECG-triggered cardiac CT. in Medical Imaging 2014: Computer-Aided Diagnosis. vol. 9035, 90350E, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, SPIE, Medical Imaging 2014: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, United States, 18/02/2014. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042226","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:amcpub:oai:pure.amc.nl:publications/4719153f-ba48-4cbe-8444-33d223f58715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amc.nl/en/publications/an-automatic-machine-learning-system-for-coronary-calcium-scoring-in-clinical-noncontrast-enhanced-ecgtriggered-cardiac-ct(4719153f-ba48-4cbe-8444-33d223f58715).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2014: Computer-Aided Diagnosis, 9035","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencepaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87689928","https://openalex.org/W1567847620","https://openalex.org/W2020310259","https://openalex.org/W2029799494","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2107453079","https://openalex.org/W2107542581","https://openalex.org/W2133287637","https://openalex.org/W2154023207","https://openalex.org/W2154925912","https://openalex.org/W2163595993","https://openalex.org/W2165187589","https://openalex.org/W2185047110","https://openalex.org/W6633925555","https://openalex.org/W6682686314","https://openalex.org/W7075728022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347731544","https://openalex.org/W2411367154","https://openalex.org/W2346354572","https://openalex.org/W2386894152","https://openalex.org/W2792520941","https://openalex.org/W2033000528","https://openalex.org/W2959862648","https://openalex.org/W4322616910","https://openalex.org/W2037342760","https://openalex.org/W2098293094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Presence":[0],"of":[1,12,22,93,128],"coronary":[2,129],"artery":[3,130],"calcium":[4],"(CAC)":[5],"is":[6,238],"a":[7,17,20,140,147,227],"strong":[8],"and":[9,29,52,110,121,152,156,194,202],"independent":[10],"predictor":[11],"cardiovascular":[13],"events.":[14],"We":[15,224],"present":[16],"system":[18,42,228],"using":[19,125,139],"forest":[21],"extremely":[23],"randomized":[24,141],"trees":[25],"to":[26,54,61,215,240],"automatically":[27,50],"identify":[28],"quantify":[30],"CAC":[31,88,102,136,231],"in":[32,146,154,233],"routinely":[33],"acquired":[34],"cardiac":[35,77,234],"non-contrast":[36,74],"enhanced":[37,75],"CT.":[38],"Candidate":[39],"lesions":[40,209],"the":[41,94,99,186],"could":[43,58],"not":[44],"label":[45],"with":[46,66,165,180],"high":[47,63],"certainty":[48],"were":[49,104,116,171,183,212],"identified":[51,138],"presented":[53,214],"an":[55,177,216,249],"expert":[56],"who":[57],"relabel":[59],"them":[60],"achieve":[62],"scoring":[64,232],"accuracy":[65],"minimal":[67],"effort.":[68],"The":[69],"study":[70],"included":[71],"200":[72],"consecutive":[73],"ECG-triggered":[76],"CTs":[78],"(120":[79],"kV,":[80],"55":[81],"mAs,":[82],"3":[83],"mm":[84],"section":[85],"thickness).":[86],"Expert":[87],"annotations":[89],"made":[90],"as":[91,98],"part":[92],"clinical":[95],"routine":[96],"served":[97],"reference":[100,195],"standard.":[101],"candidates":[103,164],"extracted":[105],"by":[106,118,176,248],"thresholding":[107],"(130":[108],"HU)":[109],"3-D":[111],"connected":[112],"component":[113],"analysis.":[114],"They":[115],"described":[117,226],"shape,":[119],"intensity":[120],"spatial":[122],"features":[123],"calculated":[124],"multi-atlas":[126],"segmentation":[127],"centerlines":[131],"from":[132],"ten":[133],"CTA":[134],"scans.":[135],"was":[137,197,222],"decision":[142],"tree":[143],"ensemble":[144],"classifier":[145],"ten-fold":[148],"stratified":[149],"cross-validation":[150],"experiment":[151],"quantified":[153],"Agatston":[155,201],"volume":[157,203],"scores":[158,196],"for":[159,173,199,229,245],"each":[160],"patient.":[161],"After":[162,218],"classification,":[163],"posterior":[166],"probability":[167],"indicating":[168],"uncertain":[169],"labeling":[170],"selected":[172],"further":[174,246],"assessment":[175],"expert.":[178,217,250],"Images":[179],"metal":[181],"implants":[182],"excluded.":[184],"In":[185],"remaining":[187],"164":[188],"images,":[189],"Spearman's":[190,220],"<i>p</i>":[191,221],"between":[192],"automatic":[193,230],"0.94":[198],"both":[200],"scores.":[204],"On":[205],"average":[206],"1.8":[207],"candidate":[208],"per":[210],"scan":[211],"subsequently":[213],"correction,":[219],"0.98.":[223],"have":[225],"CT":[235],"images":[236],"which":[237],"able":[239],"effectively":[241],"select":[242],"difficult":[243],"examinations":[244],"refinement":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}