{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012118229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2031016","title":"An improved mechanism for reversible watermarking of images","display_name":"An improved mechanism for reversible watermarking of images","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012118229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2031016","mag":"2012118229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2031016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2031016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065673809","display_name":"Muhammad Ishtiaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-1413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ishtiaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036387453","display_name":"Bilal Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Faiz Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiz Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Univ. of Science and Technology (Pakistan)","[National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Univ. of Science and Technology (Pakistan)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005717448","display_name":"Salabat Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-498X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salabat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10813076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8878","issue":null,"first_page":"88780T","last_page":"88780T"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7713581323623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6634905338287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5874189734458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5466362833976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5202401876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3863690495491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08800938725471497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7713581323623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6634905338287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5874189734458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5466362833976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5202401876449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3863690495491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08800938725471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2031016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2031016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974641035","https://openalex.org/W2056340285","https://openalex.org/W2107270044","https://openalex.org/W2121393355","https://openalex.org/W2132971215","https://openalex.org/W2135459805","https://openalex.org/W2144088652","https://openalex.org/W2145800442","https://openalex.org/W2151092698","https://openalex.org/W2153638435","https://openalex.org/W2158986121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398","https://openalex.org/W2775347418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reversible":[0],"watermarking":[1],"algorithms":[2],"allow":[3],"extraction":[4],"of":[5,33,55,87,96],"the":[6,34,88,97,107],"hidden":[7],"information":[8,66],"to":[9,102],"ensure":[10],"authenticity":[11],"and":[12,65,75],"restore":[13],"original":[14],"medium.":[15],"Prediction-error":[16],"expansion":[17],"(PEE)":[18],"methods":[19,31,104],"give":[20],"high":[21],"payload":[22],"with":[23,83],"little":[24],"or":[25],"no":[26],"visible":[27],"distortion.":[28],"In":[29,41],"these":[30],"performance":[32,95],"algorithm":[35],"relies":[36],"heavily":[37],"on":[38],"predictor`s":[39],"response.":[40],"this":[42],"study":[43],"image":[44],"pixels":[45,50,59],"are":[46,60,71],"predicted":[47],"using":[48,73],"8":[49],"within":[51],"a":[52,56],"3\u00d73":[53],"neighborhood":[54],"pixel.":[57],"Image":[58],"divided":[61],"into":[62],"two":[63],"sets":[64],"bits":[67],"in":[68,81,100,106],"each":[69],"set":[70],"embedded":[72],"PEE":[74],"histogram":[76],"shifting":[77],"(HS).":[78],"Better":[79],"prediction":[80],"conjunction":[82],"HS":[84],"increases":[85],"imperceptibility":[86],"watermarked":[89],"image.":[90],"Experimental":[91],"results":[92],"indicate":[93],"superior":[94],"proposed":[98],"scheme":[99],"comparison":[101],"recent":[103],"published":[105],"literature.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}