{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087661705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009879","title":"Watermark embedding in optimal color direction","display_name":"Watermark embedding in optimal color direction","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087661705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009879","mag":"2087661705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2009879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001841898","display_name":"Robert Lyons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801552033","display_name":"Digimarc (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j460570","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Lyons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digimarc Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digimarc Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070633319","display_name":"Alastair Reed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801552033","display_name":"Digimarc (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j460570","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alastair Reed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digimarc Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digimarc Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087525140","display_name":"John Stach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801552033","display_name":"Digimarc (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j460570","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Stach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digimarc Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digimarc Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801552033"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72045482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8665","issue":null,"first_page":"866505","last_page":"866505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chrominance","display_name":"Chrominance","score":0.7780097723007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.7736059427261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6977730393409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6933298110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6433310508728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5680222511291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.5659100413322449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5562663674354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5011742115020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.47778114676475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inkwell","display_name":"Inkwell","score":0.4680601954460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.4650372862815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-model","display_name":"Color model","score":0.43674004077911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.42746931314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35275399684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-space","display_name":"Color space","score":0.3439382314682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.30567407608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23715659976005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.19348347187042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1534174680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.10674229264259338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163204269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355263","display_name":"Chrominance","level":3,"score":0.7780097723007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.7736059427261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6977730393409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6933298110961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6433310508728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5680222511291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.5659100413322449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5562663674354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5011742115020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.47778114676475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109693293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496072","display_name":"Inkwell","level":2,"score":0.4680601954460144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.4650372862815857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36262787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294018","display_name":"Color model","level":4,"score":0.43674004077911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42746931314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35275399684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.3439382314682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30567407608032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23715659976005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.19348347187042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1534174680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.10674229264259338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2009879","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011238857","https://openalex.org/W2034659707","https://openalex.org/W2089932822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367166175","https://openalex.org/W316191496","https://openalex.org/W2809537644","https://openalex.org/W1515040869","https://openalex.org/W1502147239","https://openalex.org/W2117751880","https://openalex.org/W2289201429","https://openalex.org/W2258718970","https://openalex.org/W4255434569","https://openalex.org/W1977788373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"watermark":[1,15,31,81],"spot":[2,9,92],"color":[3,10,27,43,61,67,93,118,140],"packaging":[4],"images":[5],"one":[6,23],"modulates":[7],"available":[8],"inks":[11,22,94],"to":[12,39,103,142],"create":[13],"a":[14,84,113,123,143],"signal.":[16,32,82],"By":[17],"perturbing":[18],"different":[19],"combinations":[20],"of":[21,29,79,86,90],"can":[24],"change":[25,131],"the":[26,30,41,47,52,65,69,72,77,80,87,105,127,132,138],"direction":[28,44,62,107,119,125],"In":[33],"this":[34],"paper":[35],"we":[36,95],"describe":[37,97],"how":[38],"calculate":[40],"optimal":[42,60,106,117,139],"that":[45,108],"embeds":[46],"maximum":[48],"signal":[49],"while":[50],"keeping":[51],"visibility":[53],"below":[54],"some":[55],"specified":[56],"acceptable":[57],"value.":[58],"The":[59,116],"depends":[63],"on":[64],"starting":[66],"for":[68],"image":[70],"region,":[71],"ink":[73,129],"density":[74],"constraints":[75],"and":[76,101,126],"definition":[78],"After":[83],"description":[85],"general":[88],"problem":[89],"N":[91],"shall":[96],"two-ink":[98],"embedding":[99],"methods":[100],"try":[102],"find":[104],"will":[109],"maximize":[110],"robustness":[111],"at":[112],"given":[114],"visibility.":[115],"is":[120],"usually":[121],"in":[122],"chrominance":[124],"resulting":[128],"perturbations":[130],"luminosity":[133],"very":[134],"little.":[135],"We":[136],"compare":[137],"embedder":[141],"single-color":[144],"embedder.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}