{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079530777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002449","title":"Low complexity smile detection technique for mobile devices","display_name":"Low complexity smile detection technique for mobile devices","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079530777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002449","mag":"2079530777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2002449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102882490","display_name":"Valeria Tomaselli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4234-9454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131827901","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00wm3b005","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Tomaselli","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics (Italy)","STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049207400","display_name":"Mirko Guarnera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131827901","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00wm3b005","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirko Guarnera","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics (Italy)","STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008102459","display_name":"Claudio Marchisio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131827901","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00wm3b005","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Domenico Marchisio","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics (Italy)","STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071567642","display_name":"Simone G. Moro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-8390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131827901","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/00wm3b005","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154781","display_name":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/053bqv655","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Moro","raw_affiliation_strings":["STMicroelectronics (Italy)","STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMicroelectronics (Italy)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STMICROELECTRONICS,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131827901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102882490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131827901","https://openalex.org/I4210154781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14195595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8661","issue":null,"first_page":"86610O","last_page":"86610O"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7910922765731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7002367973327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.641787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.615658700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.5977835655212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.534197986125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5169984102249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4820007383823395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4789329469203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4487721025943756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.420820415019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1316395401954651}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7910922765731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7002367973327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.641787052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.615658700466156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.5977835655212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.534197986125946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5169984102249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4820007383823395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4789329469203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4487721025943756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.420820415019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1316395401954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2002449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2002449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1762211422","https://openalex.org/W2003684257","https://openalex.org/W2021057312","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2039376581","https://openalex.org/W2098217009","https://openalex.org/W2113182704","https://openalex.org/W2124931816","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2154461202","https://openalex.org/W2154683974","https://openalex.org/W2157653492","https://openalex.org/W2158275940","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W3034751874","https://openalex.org/W3214102110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W4382795578","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2355463328","https://openalex.org/W2296488620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54],"this":[1,44,55],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,16,84,90,94],"low":[6,111],"complexity":[7,72,80],"smile":[8],"detection":[9],"technique,":[10],"able":[11],"to":[12],"detect":[13],"smiles":[14],"in":[15,32],"variety":[17],"of":[18],"light":[19],"conditions,":[20],"face":[21],"positions,":[22],"image":[23],"resolutions.":[24],"The":[25,74],"proposed":[26],"approach":[27,86],"firstly":[28],"detects":[29],"the":[30,33,68,99],"faces":[31],"image,":[34],"then":[35],"applies":[36],"almost":[37],"cost-free":[38],"mouth":[39],"detection,":[40],"extracts":[41],"features":[42],"from":[43,66],"region":[45],"and":[46,51,61,70,79,93,97],"finally":[47],"classifies":[48],"between":[49,77],"smiling":[50],"nonsmiling":[52],"stages.":[53],"paper":[56],"different":[57],"feature":[58,92,96],"extraction":[59],"methods":[60],"classification":[62],"techniques":[63],"are":[64],"analyzed":[65],"both":[67,89],"performance":[69],"computational":[71],"standpoints.":[73],"best":[75],"compromise":[76],"performances":[78,108],"is":[81],"represented":[82],"by":[83],"combined":[85],"which":[87],"exploits":[88],"shape":[91],"texture":[95],"uses":[98],"Mahalanobis":[100],"distance":[101],"based":[102],"classifier.":[103],"This":[104],"solution":[105],"achieves":[106],"good":[107],"with":[109],"very":[110],"complexity,":[112],"being":[113],"suitable":[114],"for":[115],"an":[116],"implementation":[117],"on":[118],"mobile":[119],"devices.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
