{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2160932044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3143184","title":"Localization and text sequence restoration using noise pixels in binary document image watermarking","display_name":"Localization and text sequence restoration using noise pixels in binary document image watermarking","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2160932044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3143184","mag":"2160932044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.3143184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3143184","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-electronic-imaging/volume-18/issue-2/023012/Localization-and-text-sequence-restoration-using-noise-pixels-in-binary/10.1117/1.3143184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-electronic-imaging/volume-18/issue-2/023012/Localization-and-text-sequence-restoration-using-noise-pixels-in-binary/10.1117/1.3143184.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053949309","display_name":"Anthony T. S. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony T. S. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053949309"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20414862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"023012","last_page":"023012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8458849191665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8412493467330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7268510460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6712801456451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6544358730316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6148608922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.6119716167449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.5904914140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.568507969379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.5469928979873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5455694794654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.47346869111061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4538610279560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42474377155303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3758089244365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23771899938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17326661944389343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8458849191665649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8412493467330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268510460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6712801456451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6544358730316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6148608922958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6119716167449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.5904914140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.568507969379425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.5469928979873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5455694794654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.47346869111061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4538610279560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42474377155303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3758089244365692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23771899938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17326661944389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.3143184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3143184","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-electronic-imaging/volume-18/issue-2/023012/Localization-and-text-sequence-restoration-using-noise-pixels-in-binary/10.1117/1.3143184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11138576900002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.3143184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3143184","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-electronic-imaging/volume-18/issue-2/023012/Localization-and-text-sequence-restoration-using-noise-pixels-in-binary/10.1117/1.3143184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160932044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160932044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501920647","https://openalex.org/W1571441458","https://openalex.org/W1588594383","https://openalex.org/W1593683169","https://openalex.org/W1600184714","https://openalex.org/W1601921258","https://openalex.org/W1657629444","https://openalex.org/W2015865004","https://openalex.org/W2023321586","https://openalex.org/W2069733483","https://openalex.org/W2072879771","https://openalex.org/W2087634616","https://openalex.org/W2097843389","https://openalex.org/W2099106928","https://openalex.org/W2099202463","https://openalex.org/W2112215040","https://openalex.org/W2122014146","https://openalex.org/W2124085433","https://openalex.org/W2126975757","https://openalex.org/W2130667149","https://openalex.org/W2140369857","https://openalex.org/W2144305720","https://openalex.org/W2147654286","https://openalex.org/W2152215057","https://openalex.org/W2160250343","https://openalex.org/W2611745365","https://openalex.org/W2916086000","https://openalex.org/W3023896661","https://openalex.org/W3145042860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2136651803","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,25,39],"new":[3],"method":[4],"for":[5,111,129],"tamper":[6],"localization":[7,154],"and":[8,132,155,183],"restoration":[9,156],"using":[10],"noise":[11],"pixels":[12,30],"in":[13,31,45,64,82,102,148,171],"binary":[14],"document":[15,50,69,84,173],"images.":[16],"For":[17],"such":[18,53],"images,":[19],"it":[20,162],"is":[21,62,109,123,163],"difficult":[22],"to":[23,98,151,165],"find":[24],"sufficient":[26],"number":[27],"of":[28,48,67,105,114,120,141],"low-distortion":[29],"individual":[32,149],"blocks":[33,150],"with":[34],"blind":[35,127],"detection":[36],"property.":[37],"Also,":[38],"perceptual":[40],"watermark":[41,61,140],"cannot":[42],"be":[43,86,146],"embedded":[44,63,147],"white":[46],"regions":[47,54],"the":[49,68,80,83,89,95,103,112,117,126,159,167],"image,":[51],"making":[52],"insecure":[55],"against":[56],"hostile":[57],"attacks.":[58],"An":[59],"erasable":[60,139],"each":[65,115],"block":[66,184],"image":[70,122],"independently.":[71],"The":[72],"embedding":[73],"process":[74],"introduces":[75],"some":[76],"background":[77],"noise.":[78,106],"However,":[79],"content":[81,113],"can":[85,145],"interpreted":[87],"by":[88],"user,":[90],"because":[91],"human":[92],"vision":[93],"has":[94],"inherent":[96],"capability":[97],"recognize":[99],"various":[100],"patterns":[101],"presence":[104],"If":[107],"authenticity":[108],"verified":[110],"block,":[116],"exact":[118],"copy":[119],"original":[121,168],"restored":[124],"at":[125],"detector":[128],"further":[130],"use":[131],"analysis.":[133],"Experimental":[134],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"an":[138],"necessary":[142],"data":[143],"length":[144],"attain":[152],"effective":[153],"capability.":[157],"Using":[158],"proposed":[160],"method,":[161],"possible":[164],"restore":[166],"text":[169,172,179],"sequence":[170],"images":[174],"after":[175],"multiple":[176],"alterations":[177],"like":[178],"deletion,":[180],"insertion,":[181],"substitution,":[182],"swapping.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
