{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119117126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1900135","title":"Biological gray scale for digital imagery","display_name":"Biological gray scale for digital imagery","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119117126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1900135","mag":"2119117126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1900135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1900135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069227552","display_name":"Rob Carter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-5619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175003984","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Jersey Institute of Technology (United States)","Office of Naval Research, 875 N. Randolph Street, Arlington, Virginia 22217-5660"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Jersey Institute of Technology (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Naval Research, 875 N. Randolph Street, Arlington, Virginia 22217-5660","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175003984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069227552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575","https://openalex.org/I175003984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15119448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"023004","last_page":"023004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7761629819869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7356535196304321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.7293822169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6265629529953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.616554856300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.6037700772285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-visual-system-model","display_name":"Human visual system model","score":0.5958476662635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4991476535797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.4805901050567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image","display_name":"Digital image","score":0.4156278371810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-imaging","display_name":"Digital imaging","score":0.4145844876766205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.39643093943595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33257728815078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18681862950325012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7761629819869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7356535196304321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.7293822169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6265629529953003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.616554856300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.6037700772285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.5958476662635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4991476535797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4805901050567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.4156278371810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112416745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974213","display_name":"Digital imaging","level":5,"score":0.4145844876766205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.39643093943595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33257728815078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18681862950325012}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1900135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1900135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019725213","https://openalex.org/W2020081878","https://openalex.org/W2031129132","https://openalex.org/W2035246625","https://openalex.org/W2041787147","https://openalex.org/W2043467795","https://openalex.org/W2044711247","https://openalex.org/W2052171138","https://openalex.org/W2089671719","https://openalex.org/W2093567731","https://openalex.org/W2126187328","https://openalex.org/W2146770988","https://openalex.org/W6678875184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1876178139","https://openalex.org/W2361205149","https://openalex.org/W2046228508","https://openalex.org/W2003119304","https://openalex.org/W3047317905","https://openalex.org/W571580803","https://openalex.org/W1549157317","https://openalex.org/W1268453668","https://openalex.org/W898586976","https://openalex.org/W2263317564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biological":[0],"evolution":[1],"has":[2],"adapted":[3,67],"human":[4,27,70],"vision":[5,51],"to":[6,29,68,91],"terrestrial":[7,46],"light":[8],"contrasts.":[9],"Earthly":[10],"scenes":[11],"have":[12],"a":[13,19,23,81],"typical":[14],"bimodal":[15],"contrast":[16,47],"histogram,":[17],"with":[18],"reflection":[20],"mode":[21],"and":[22,102,118],"shadow":[24],"mode.":[25],"Consequently,":[26],"sensitivity":[28,79],"gray-scale":[30,78],"differences":[31,36],"also":[32],"is":[33,99],"bimodal.":[34],"Luminance":[35],"are":[37,89],"most":[38],"discriminable":[39,93],"at":[40],"the":[41,45,56,69,105],"modal":[42],"intensities":[43,85],"of":[44,77],"distribution":[48],"so":[49],"that":[50],"conveys":[52],"maximum":[53],"information":[54],"about":[55],"world.":[57],"By":[58],"inverting":[59],"this":[60,97],"biologic,":[61],"an":[62],"image":[63,87],"can":[64],"be":[65,110],"computationally":[66],"visual":[71],"system.":[72],"Using":[73],"Paul":[74],"Whittle's":[75],"model":[76],"as":[80],"basis,":[82],"distinct":[83],"pixel":[84],"in":[86],"data":[88],"mapped":[90],"optimally":[92],"displayed":[94,114],"luminances.":[95],"Since":[96],"approach":[98],"scene":[100],"dependent":[101],"display":[103,119],"dependent,":[104],"optimum":[106],"gray":[107],"scale":[108],"must":[109],"recomputed":[111],"for":[112],"each":[113],"image,":[115],"background":[116],"luminance":[117],"environment.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
