{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141144843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1669555","title":"AM/FM halftoning: digital halftoning through simultaneous modulation of dot size and dot density","display_name":"AM/FM halftoning: digital halftoning through simultaneous modulation of dot size and dot density","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141144843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1669555","mag":"2141144843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1669555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1669555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427756","display_name":"Zhen He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0684-6440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132870","display_name":"Xerox (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jwzwq24","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xerox Corp. (United States)","Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana?47907-1285"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xerox Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana?47907-1285","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100427756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219","https://openalex.org/I4210132870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78153515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"286","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12898","display_name":"Induction Heating and Inverter Technology","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moir\u00e9-pattern","display_name":"Moir\u00e9 pattern","score":0.6351017951965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5989239811897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5283475518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.5075749158859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transfer-function","display_name":"Optical transfer function","score":0.45423880219459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.4348646104335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","score":0.41864678263664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3657477796077728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.24162602424621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22638893127441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.22358328104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14158087968826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.10606014728546143}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70000540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26468","display_name":"Moir\u00e9 pattern","level":2,"score":0.6351017951965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5989239811897278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5283475518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.5075749158859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175231954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1942321","display_name":"Optical transfer function","level":2,"score":0.45423880219459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.4348646104335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.41864678263664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3657477796077728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.24162602424621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22638893127441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.22358328104019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14158087968826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10606014728546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.1669555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1669555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158511090","display_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","issn_l":"1017-9909","issn":["1017-9909","1560-229X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electronic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964444943","https://openalex.org/W1974212587","https://openalex.org/W1976248759","https://openalex.org/W1986791901","https://openalex.org/W1990631152","https://openalex.org/W2000683976","https://openalex.org/W2006045909","https://openalex.org/W2010153747","https://openalex.org/W2095971135","https://openalex.org/W2099662762","https://openalex.org/W2103273811","https://openalex.org/W2148035608","https://openalex.org/W2154249007","https://openalex.org/W2158474074","https://openalex.org/W2169057201","https://openalex.org/W2171342205","https://openalex.org/W2208958634","https://openalex.org/W2216362730","https://openalex.org/W2487933172","https://openalex.org/W3140121965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3141549081","https://openalex.org/W2068642629","https://openalex.org/W2046525430","https://openalex.org/W4363647395","https://openalex.org/W2510927170","https://openalex.org/W2004723848","https://openalex.org/W2093894424","https://openalex.org/W2971711574","https://openalex.org/W2077772424","https://openalex.org/W2974362092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"digital":[1],"halftoning":[2,23,37,59,74],"approaches":[3],"function":[4],"by":[5],"modulating":[6],"either":[7],"the":[8,15,26,64,82,105,122],"dot":[9,16,65,86,96,106,109],"size":[10,66,107],"[amplitude":[11],"modulation":[12,19,140],"(AM)]":[13],"or":[14],"density":[17,110],"[frequency":[18],"(FM)].":[20],"Generally,":[21],"AM":[22,92],"methods":[24,38,80,93],"have":[25,40],"advantage":[27],"of":[28,57,72,84,104],"low":[29],"computation":[30],"and":[31,44,67,98,108,128],"good":[32],"print":[33],"stability,":[34],"while":[35],"FM":[36,79],"typically":[39],"higher":[41],"spatial":[42],"resolution":[43],"resistance":[45,90],"to":[46,133],"moir\u00e9":[47,89],"artifacts.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,131],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,129],"present":[53,116],"a":[54,117],"new":[55],"class":[56],"AM/FM":[58,73,123],"algorithms":[60],"that":[61],"simultaneously":[62],"modulate":[63],"density.":[68],"The":[69],"major":[70],"advantages":[71],"are":[75],"better":[76,88],"stability":[77],"than":[78,91],"through":[81,94,101],"formation":[83],"larger":[85],"clusters;":[87],"irregular":[95],"placement;":[97],"improved":[99],"quality":[100],"systematic":[102],"optimization":[103],"at":[111],"each":[112],"gray":[113],"level.":[114],"We":[115],"general":[118],"method":[119,124,132],"for":[120,125],"optimizing":[121],"specific":[126],"printers,":[127],"apply":[130],"an":[134],"electrophotographic":[135],"printer":[136],"using":[137],"pulse":[138],"width":[139],"technology.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}