{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415027804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4070122","title":"Physical Artificial Intelligence for Powering the Next Revolution in Robotics","display_name":"Physical Artificial Intelligence for Powering the Next Revolution in Robotics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415027804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4070122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4070122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4070122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004861227","display_name":"Atul Thakur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-4793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132153292","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/01ft5vz71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atul Thakur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Patna BioRobotics & Artificial Intelligence (BRAIn) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0 ,","R115 Block 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Patna Patna, Bihar 801103 India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Patna BioRobotics & Artificial Intelligence (BRAIn) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R115 Block 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Patna Patna, Bihar 801103 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132153292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032983456","display_name":"Krishnanand N. Kaipa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103087548","display_name":"Norfolk State University","ror":"https://ror.org/030pydv62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116723","display_name":"Robotics Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020w2fr77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnanand Kaipa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University Collaborative Robotics & Adaptive Machines Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, , , \u00a0","Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Norfolk, VA 23529"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University Collaborative Robotics & Adaptive Machines Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, , , \u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Norfolk, VA 23529","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001953637","display_name":"Ashis G. Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5898-7563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashis G. Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, , , \u00a0 ;","University of Washington Department of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0","Box 352650 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, , , \u00a0 ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington Department of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Box 352650 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061824615","display_name":"David J. Cappelleri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-0625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David J. Cappelleri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University School of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0","585 Purdue Mall School of Mechanical Engineering west lafayette, IN 47907"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University School of Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"585 Purdue Mall School of Mechanical Engineering west lafayette, IN 47907","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049231295","display_name":"Venkat Krovi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-896X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkat N. Krovi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, , , \u00a0","4 Research Dr Greenville, SC 29607"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, , , \u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"4 Research Dr Greenville, SC 29607","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083094281","display_name":"Satyandra K. Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6025-7903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"California Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I903300897","display_name":"Southern States University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b0j0m34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I903300897"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satyandra Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0 ;","University of Southern California Department of Computer Science, , , \u00a0","Viterbi School of Engineering Director, Center for Advanced Manufacturing Los Angeles, CA 90089"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, , , \u00a0 ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I903300897","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California Department of Computer Science, , , \u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I903300897","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Viterbi School of Engineering Director, Center for Advanced Manufacturing Los Angeles, CA 90089","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.255,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97969428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.4300999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.4300999939441681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-situated-approach","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiential-learning","display_name":"Experiential learning","score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situational-ethics","display_name":"Situational ethics","score":0.37279999256134033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6705999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207453521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801079","display_name":"Artificial intelligence, situated approach","level":2,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192327766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038799","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777362162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5594431","display_name":"Grand Challenges","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162763945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825467","display_name":"Conceptual architecture","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11207580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5266817","display_name":"Developmental robotics","level":4,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4070122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4070122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966089223","https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W1986014385","https://openalex.org/W1987250353","https://openalex.org/W1989104072","https://openalex.org/W1997543377","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2044460305","https://openalex.org/W2073110621","https://openalex.org/W2095436958","https://openalex.org/W2097856935","https://openalex.org/W2099019320","https://openalex.org/W2101869258","https://openalex.org/W2109995759","https://openalex.org/W2161222115","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2604382266","https://openalex.org/W2618733545","https://openalex.org/W2701942770","https://openalex.org/W2912123949","https://openalex.org/W2948594986","https://openalex.org/W2982936646","https://openalex.org/W3091471537","https://openalex.org/W3121342653","https://openalex.org/W3173029518","https://openalex.org/W3177386710","https://openalex.org/W3195968524","https://openalex.org/W3198803056","https://openalex.org/W3202717607","https://openalex.org/W3209668867","https://openalex.org/W3210765113","https://openalex.org/W3216205907","https://openalex.org/W4205329887","https://openalex.org/W4205559380","https://openalex.org/W4207072548","https://openalex.org/W4210583698","https://openalex.org/W4210659164","https://openalex.org/W4210814395","https://openalex.org/W4210942801","https://openalex.org/W4214723536","https://openalex.org/W4229018275","https://openalex.org/W4231563569","https://openalex.org/W4231698086","https://openalex.org/W4280592755","https://openalex.org/W4283786914","https://openalex.org/W4285228542","https://openalex.org/W4285290543","https://openalex.org/W4285529412","https://openalex.org/W4292428501","https://openalex.org/W4296913591","https://openalex.org/W4298139715","https://openalex.org/W4306827115","https://openalex.org/W4309308434","https://openalex.org/W4311316684","https://openalex.org/W4311479746","https://openalex.org/W4312361190","https://openalex.org/W4312965928","https://openalex.org/W4315783008","https://openalex.org/W4379659762","https://openalex.org/W4382934641","https://openalex.org/W4387873581","https://openalex.org/W4390873374","https://openalex.org/W4392706001","https://openalex.org/W4395000105","https://openalex.org/W4399387213","https://openalex.org/W4400081497","https://openalex.org/W4401014136","https://openalex.org/W4401706034","https://openalex.org/W4404731691","https://openalex.org/W4404826334","https://openalex.org/W4404937744","https://openalex.org/W4406549880","https://openalex.org/W4406770332","https://openalex.org/W4408636813","https://openalex.org/W4409713479","https://openalex.org/W4409877653","https://openalex.org/W4409918113","https://openalex.org/W4413408545","https://openalex.org/W4413889177"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Physical":[1],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(AI)":[4],"is":[5],"driving":[6],"the":[7,143,174],"next":[8,175],"revolution":[9],"in":[10,50],"robotics":[11],"by":[12],"grounding":[13],"perception,":[14],"action,":[15],"and":[16,31,45,55,81,93,109,114,126,132,155,168],"cognition":[17],"within":[18],"a":[19,68,98,149,161],"robot\u2019s":[20],"physical":[21,34,72,146],"structure.":[22],"Unlike":[23],"traditional":[24],"systems":[25],"that":[26,171],"rely":[27],"on":[28,71],"disembodied":[29],"reasoning":[30],"preprogrammed":[32],"control,":[33,92],"AI":[35,147],"leverages":[36],"sensorimotor":[37],"coupling":[38],"to":[39,135],"enable":[40],"real-time":[41],"adaptation,":[42],"experiential":[43],"learning,":[44,52],"generalized":[46],"task":[47],"performance.":[48],"Advances":[49],"machine":[51],"high-fidelity":[53],"simulations,":[54],"multimodal":[56],"sensing":[57],"have":[58],"accelerated":[59],"progress":[60],"toward":[61],"real-world":[62],"deployment.":[63],"This":[64],"position":[65],"article":[66,144],"articulates":[67],"unifying":[69],"perspective":[70],"AI,":[73],"outlining":[74],"its":[75],"conceptual":[76],"evolution,":[77],"defining":[78],"system-level":[79],"principles,":[80],"analyzing":[82],"key":[83],"functional":[84],"subsystems,":[85],"such":[86],"as":[87,148],"situational":[88],"awareness,":[89],"mapping,":[90],"planning,":[91],"human\u2013robot":[94],"interaction.":[95],"It":[96],"provides":[97],"domain-wise":[99],"readiness":[100],"assessment":[101],"across":[102],"manufacturing,":[103],"healthcare,":[104],"logistics,":[105],"agriculture,":[106],"service":[107],"robotics,":[108],"space":[110],"exploration,":[111],"highlighting":[112],"opportunities":[113],"limitations.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"it":[117],"identifies":[118],"critical":[119],"challenges\u2014real-time":[120],"performance,":[121],"cybersecurity,":[122],"benchmarking,":[123],"safety,":[124],"interpretability,":[125],"energy":[127],"efficiency\u2014and":[128],"proposes":[129],"codesign":[130],"principles":[131],"evaluation":[133],"frameworks":[134],"guide":[136],"future":[137],"research.":[138],"By":[139],"synthesizing":[140],"these":[141],"elements,":[142],"positions":[145],"foundational":[150],"paradigm":[151],"for":[152,163],"trustworthy,":[153],"adaptive,":[154],"mission-ready":[156],"robotic":[157],"systems,":[158],"offering":[159],"readers":[160],"roadmap":[162],"research":[164],"priorities,":[165],"cross-domain":[166],"insights,":[167],"practical":[169],"implications":[170],"will":[172],"shape":[173],"era":[176],"of":[177],"robotics.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
