{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096027317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048966","title":"A Blockchain-Based G-Code Protection Approach for Cyber-Physical Security in Additive Manufacturing","display_name":"A Blockchain-Based G-Code Protection Approach for Cyber-Physical Security in Additive Manufacturing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096027317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048966","mag":"3096027317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4048966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072625411","display_name":"Zhangyue Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-2522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangyue Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Industrial Engineering & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Industrial Engineering & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636632","display_name":"Chen Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-0516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial, Manufacturing & Systems Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 75019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial, Manufacturing & Systems Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 75019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026893647","display_name":"Wenmeng Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-0692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenmeng Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003491617","display_name":"Chenang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Industrial Engineering & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Industrial Engineering & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8393159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9387000203132629,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.7344990968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7273759841918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6696013808250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6235346794128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5214911699295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48998895287513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.42025870084762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41385209560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.1373182237148285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7344990968704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7273759841918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6696013808250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6235346794128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5214911699295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48998895287513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42025870084762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41385209560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.1373182237148285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4048966","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178881929","https://openalex.org/W1147030483","https://openalex.org/W1532312962","https://openalex.org/W1600432225","https://openalex.org/W1972843069","https://openalex.org/W1992705958","https://openalex.org/W1996360405","https://openalex.org/W2008071701","https://openalex.org/W2033788204","https://openalex.org/W2037630761","https://openalex.org/W2075514563","https://openalex.org/W2117822320","https://openalex.org/W2145809545","https://openalex.org/W2250894080","https://openalex.org/W2270997427","https://openalex.org/W2351765604","https://openalex.org/W2537385619","https://openalex.org/W2555456100","https://openalex.org/W2596315214","https://openalex.org/W2599858443","https://openalex.org/W2608006932","https://openalex.org/W2619263430","https://openalex.org/W2626746706","https://openalex.org/W2746990014","https://openalex.org/W2751909928","https://openalex.org/W2753798624","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2762156145","https://openalex.org/W2767639218","https://openalex.org/W2785677877","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2809691804","https://openalex.org/W2881509088","https://openalex.org/W2885354313","https://openalex.org/W2892246709","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2912098069","https://openalex.org/W2932229228","https://openalex.org/W2942153030","https://openalex.org/W2944623898","https://openalex.org/W2944810901","https://openalex.org/W2946753740","https://openalex.org/W2950120272","https://openalex.org/W2950587970","https://openalex.org/W2951145450","https://openalex.org/W2962708310","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W2963895783","https://openalex.org/W3001384190","https://openalex.org/W3003969836","https://openalex.org/W3008393136","https://openalex.org/W3037448539","https://openalex.org/W3045505722","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W6607263153","https://openalex.org/W6631682812","https://openalex.org/W6635915873","https://openalex.org/W6643443746","https://openalex.org/W6648714439","https://openalex.org/W6659205529","https://openalex.org/W6660118656","https://openalex.org/W6677565259","https://openalex.org/W6694215439","https://openalex.org/W6743778963","https://openalex.org/W6744060032","https://openalex.org/W6745920323","https://openalex.org/W6748075632","https://openalex.org/W6748351961","https://openalex.org/W6753651859","https://openalex.org/W6754932673","https://openalex.org/W6755103282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W1987127708","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W3135700974","https://openalex.org/W4313307484","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W3094048663","https://openalex.org/W2108376122","https://openalex.org/W2977472554"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"an":[2,82,149],"emerging":[3],"technology,":[4],"additive":[5],"manufacturing":[6],"(AM)":[7],"is":[8,81,134,176,206],"able":[9],"to":[10,69,89,160],"fabricate":[11],"products":[12],"with":[13],"complex":[14],"geometries":[15],"using":[16],"various":[17],"materials.":[18],"In":[19,99],"particular,":[20],"cyber-enabled":[21,96],"AM":[22,41,77,97,163],"systems":[23],"have":[24],"recently":[25],"become":[26],"widely":[27],"applied":[28,159],"in":[29,66,76,85,136,193],"many":[30],"real-world":[31,162],"applications.":[32],"It":[33],"significantly":[34],"improves":[35],"the":[36,44,59,73,91,95,109,125,167,171,179,184,197,203],"flexibility":[37],"and":[38,62,118,148,195],"productivity":[39],"of":[40,49,72,105,141,170,199,202],"but":[42],"poses":[43],"system":[45],"under":[46],"high":[47],"risks":[48],"cyber-physical":[50,54,92,106,168],"attacks.":[51],"For":[52],"example,":[53],"attack":[55],"could":[56],"maliciously":[57],"tamper":[58],"product":[60],"design":[61,116],"process":[63],"parameters,":[64],"which,":[65],"turn,":[67],"leads":[68],"significant":[70],"alteration":[71],"desired":[74],"properties":[75],"products.":[78],"Therefore,":[79],"there":[80],"urgent":[83],"need":[84],"incorporating":[86],"advanced":[87],"technologies":[88],"improve":[90],"security":[93,111,169],"for":[94,165],"systems.":[98],"this":[100,137],"study,":[101,138],"two":[102,129],"common":[103],"types":[104],"attacks":[107],"regarding":[108],"G-code":[110,126,204],"were":[112],"investigated,":[113],"namely,":[114],"unintended":[115],"modifications":[117],"intellectual":[119],"property":[120],"theft.":[121],"To":[122],"effectively":[123],"secure":[124],"against":[127],"these":[128],"attacks,":[130],"a":[131,142,161],"new":[132],"methodology":[133],"developed":[135],"which":[139,175],"consists":[140],"novel":[143],"blockchain-based":[144],"data":[145],"storage":[146],"approach":[147],"effective":[150],"asymmetry":[151],"encryption":[152],"technique.":[153],"The":[154],"proposed":[155,185],"method":[156],"was":[157],"also":[158],"case":[164],"ensuring":[166],"face":[172],"shield":[173],"fabrication,":[174],"critical":[177],"during":[178],"COVID-19":[180],"pandemic.":[181],"Based":[182],"on":[183],"methodology,":[186],"malicious":[187],"tampering":[188],"can":[189],"be":[190],"accurately":[191],"detected":[192],"time,":[194],"meanwhile,":[196],"risk":[198],"unauthorized":[200],"access":[201],"file":[205],"greatly":[207],"eliminated":[208],"as":[209],"well.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
