{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971471149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","title":"Heuristic-Guided Solution Search Through a Two-Tiered Design Grammar","display_name":"Heuristic-Guided Solution Search Through a Two-Tiered Design Grammar","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971471149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","mag":"2971471149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4044694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112691740","display_name":"Lucas Puentes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Puentes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065865377","display_name":"Jonathan Cagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3935-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Cagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005893539","display_name":"Christopher McComb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5024-7701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher McComb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68703042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7240825295448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7149502038955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.655432939529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-design-process","display_name":"Engineering design process","score":0.4957023859024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.48128002882003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4771794080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29357969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10654139518737793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7240825295448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7149502038955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.655432939529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.4957023859024048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.48128002882003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4771794080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29357969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10654139518737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4044694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4044694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173178594","display_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","issn_l":"1530-9827","issn":["1530-9827","1944-7078"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4325902530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-17-1-4064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4420601239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-18-1-0088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50448048","https://openalex.org/W293978487","https://openalex.org/W1971414767","https://openalex.org/W1979585781","https://openalex.org/W1988059889","https://openalex.org/W2002974400","https://openalex.org/W2003857339","https://openalex.org/W2011316522","https://openalex.org/W2011634477","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2025635435","https://openalex.org/W2026385875","https://openalex.org/W2027446201","https://openalex.org/W2036931828","https://openalex.org/W2053237598","https://openalex.org/W2055393923","https://openalex.org/W2082197767","https://openalex.org/W2101016466","https://openalex.org/W2103144943","https://openalex.org/W2104403300","https://openalex.org/W2108924389","https://openalex.org/W2113008410","https://openalex.org/W2115426179","https://openalex.org/W2129203575","https://openalex.org/W2130238013","https://openalex.org/W2132174753","https://openalex.org/W2151587352","https://openalex.org/W2153532463","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2189597537","https://openalex.org/W2195667932","https://openalex.org/W2220188276","https://openalex.org/W2279737546","https://openalex.org/W2403839334","https://openalex.org/W2500616323","https://openalex.org/W2582595064","https://openalex.org/W2587648765","https://openalex.org/W2729821541","https://openalex.org/W2734564281","https://openalex.org/W2790672261","https://openalex.org/W2804884616","https://openalex.org/W2899267383","https://openalex.org/W2910574070","https://openalex.org/W2917911268","https://openalex.org/W3143946930","https://openalex.org/W4233494740","https://openalex.org/W4245448585","https://openalex.org/W6610512127","https://openalex.org/W6651001183","https://openalex.org/W6675832126","https://openalex.org/W6677360701","https://openalex.org/W6686923169","https://openalex.org/W6713789633","https://openalex.org/W6733171375","https://openalex.org/W6751857335","https://openalex.org/W6756018059","https://openalex.org/W6792404397","https://openalex.org/W6827475651"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177062893","https://openalex.org/W3125143773","https://openalex.org/W803550684","https://openalex.org/W2007032764","https://openalex.org/W2483226803","https://openalex.org/W3143937874","https://openalex.org/W2067280619","https://openalex.org/W4251343851","https://openalex.org/W4352977312","https://openalex.org/W2041180560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Grammar-based":[1],"design":[2,9,29,58,64,78,114,177,183],"is":[3,134,163,171,186],"typically":[4],"a":[5,14,28,45,56,71,77,85,126,188,220],"gradual":[6],"process;":[7],"incremental":[8],"changes":[10],"are":[11,108,122,197],"performed":[12],"until":[13],"problem":[15],"statement":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"satisfied.":[19],"While":[20],"they":[21],"offer":[22],"an":[23,137,140],"effective":[24],"means":[25],"for":[26,174],"searching":[27],"space,":[30],"standard":[31],"grammars":[32],"risk":[33],"being":[34],"computationally":[35],"costly":[36],"because":[37],"of":[38,87,128,218,222],"the":[39,43,48,50,62,105,154,158,216],"iteration":[40],"required,":[41],"and":[42,96,110,179,206,225],"larger":[44],"given":[46],"grammar":[47,59,83,133],"broader":[49],"search":[51,76],"required.":[52],"This":[53,132,161],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"two-tiered":[57,82],"that":[60],"enhances":[61],"computational":[63],"generation":[65],"with":[66],"generalized":[67],"heuristics":[68],"to":[69,73],"provide":[70],"way":[72],"more":[74],"efficiently":[75],"space.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"this":[81],"captures":[84],"combination":[86,221],"heuristic-based":[88],"strategic":[89],"actions":[90,151],"(often":[91],"observed":[92],"in":[93,100,104,146,165,192],"human":[94],"designers)":[95],"smaller-scale":[97],"modifications":[98],"(common":[99],"traditional":[101],"grammars).":[102],"Rules":[103],"higher":[106,155],"tier":[107,156],"abstract":[109],"applicable":[111],"across":[112],"multiple":[113],"domains.":[115],"Through":[116],"associated":[117],"guiding":[118],"heuristics,":[119],"these":[120],"macrorules":[121],"translated":[123],"down":[124],"into":[125],"sequence":[127],"domain-specific,":[129],"lower-tier":[130,204,224],"microrules.":[131],"evaluated":[135],"through":[136],"implementation":[138],"within":[139],"agent-based":[141],"simulated":[142],"annealing":[143],"team":[144],"algorithm":[145,162],"which":[147,170,185],"agents":[148],"iteratively":[149],"select":[150],"from":[152],"either":[153],"or":[157],"lower":[159],"tier.":[160],"used":[164,173],"two":[166],"applications:":[167],"truss":[168],"generation,":[169,184],"commonly":[172],"testing":[175],"engineering":[176],"methods,":[178],"wave":[180],"energy":[181,194],"converter":[182],"currently":[187],"relevant":[189],"research":[190],"area":[191],"sustainable":[193],"production.":[195],"Comparisons":[196],"made":[198],"between":[199],"designs":[200],"generated":[201,208],"using":[202,209],"only":[203,210],"rules":[205],"those":[207],"higher-tier":[211,226],"rules.":[212,227],"Further":[213],"tests":[214],"demonstrate":[215],"efficacy":[217],"applying":[219],"both":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}