{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1743382491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12018","title":"Bare Numerals and Scalar Implicatures","display_name":"Bare Numerals and Scalar Implicatures","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1743382491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12018","mag":"1743382491"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/lnc3.12018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60635053","display_name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","issn_l":"1749-818X","issn":["1749-818X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004675499","display_name":"Benjamin Spector","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0468-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103330","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/01dp7jr64","country_code":"BI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114522","display_name":"Institut Jean Nicod","ror":"https://ror.org/01qfab443","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210114522","https://openalex.org/I4210139971","https://openalex.org/I4210161506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153303","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Abidjan","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtpyw05","country_code":"CI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153303"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90669466","display_name":"\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9dg697","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90669466"]}],"countries":["BI","CI","FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Spector","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS\u2010ENS\u2010EHESS, Institut Jean Nicod \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS\u2010ENS\u2010EHESS, Institut Jean Nicod \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114522","https://openalex.org/I90669466","https://openalex.org/I4210103330","https://openalex.org/I4210153303"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004675499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103330","https://openalex.org/I4210114522","https://openalex.org/I4210153303","https://openalex.org/I90669466"],"apc_list":{"value":2630,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2630},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96339339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"273","last_page":"294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12119","display_name":"Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.835627555847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.7795225381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatics","display_name":"Pragmatics","score":0.7187978029251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.6522775292396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.6454510688781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","score":0.6404221653938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6237328052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.6114950180053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5239877104759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4871827960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-semantics","display_name":"Formal semantics (linguistics)","score":0.4214111566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3245401382446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2637430727481842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.24337556958198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24157273769378662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.835627555847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.7795225381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.7187978029251099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6522775292396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6454510688781738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.6404221653938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6237328052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6114950180053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5239877104759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4871827960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146499914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469969","display_name":"Formal semantics (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4214111566543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3245401382446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2637430727481842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.24337556958198547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24157273769378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/lnc3.12018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60635053","display_name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","issn_l":"1749-818X","issn":["1749-818X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language and Linguistics Compass","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W289235697","https://openalex.org/W592558861","https://openalex.org/W1519059975","https://openalex.org/W1968540695","https://openalex.org/W1969264000","https://openalex.org/W1974795422","https://openalex.org/W1991155083","https://openalex.org/W2009397277","https://openalex.org/W2010907017","https://openalex.org/W2011260398","https://openalex.org/W2013253157","https://openalex.org/W2021835705","https://openalex.org/W2045122675","https://openalex.org/W2050066130","https://openalex.org/W2060170697","https://openalex.org/W2061707273","https://openalex.org/W2063536417","https://openalex.org/W2107941787","https://openalex.org/W2115156457","https://openalex.org/W2120857440","https://openalex.org/W2121019225","https://openalex.org/W2121046377","https://openalex.org/W2121649812","https://openalex.org/W2124224624","https://openalex.org/W2132574246","https://openalex.org/W2133054013","https://openalex.org/W2155315609","https://openalex.org/W2470656186","https://openalex.org/W3127491208","https://openalex.org/W4238722546","https://openalex.org/W4256385778","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6677955495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539042112","https://openalex.org/W2354228963","https://openalex.org/W587872652","https://openalex.org/W4234680390","https://openalex.org/W1964714693","https://openalex.org/W2386099213","https://openalex.org/W2015568675","https://openalex.org/W2485915797","https://openalex.org/W4256752242","https://openalex.org/W4324157352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Bare":[1],"numerals":[2,66,97,137,208,248,282],"present":[3,53],"an":[4,100],"interesting":[5],"challenge":[6],"to":[7,14,35,52,61,76,99,178,226,235,264,274,284],"formal":[8,68],"semantics":[9,69],"and":[10,23,27,43,54,70,104,182,186,217],"pragmatics:":[11],"they":[12,144],"seem":[13],"be":[15,84,252,285],"compatible":[16],"between":[17,40,211],"various":[18],"readings":[19,191],"(\u2018at":[20],"least\u2019,":[21,150],"\u2018exactly\u2019,":[22,151],"\u2018at":[24,101,149,153,184,215],"most\u2019":[25,154],"readings),":[26],"the":[28,58,62,77,89,92,105,116,131,134,141,148,165,169,172,179,183,194,205,214,230,241,278],"choice":[29],"of":[30,48,57,64,79,96,115,126,136,159,196,240,254,289,293],"a":[31,112,237,276,290],"particular":[32],"reading":[33,109],"seems":[34],"depend":[36],"on":[37,157],"complex":[38],"interactions":[39,268],"contextual":[41],"factors":[42],"linguistic":[44],"structure.":[45],"The":[46,220],"goal":[47],"this":[49,197],"article":[50,221],"is":[51,121,138,163],"discuss":[55],"some":[56],"current":[59],"approaches":[60,75],"interpretation":[63,78,135],"bare":[65,80],"in":[67,124,224,287],"pragmatics.":[71],"It":[72],"discusses":[73],"four":[74],"numerals,":[81],"which":[82,158],"can":[83,145],"summarized":[85],"as":[86,255,261],"follows:":[87],"In":[88,130,168,204],"neo\u2010Gricean":[90],"view,":[91,133,171,207,277],"basic,":[93,174],"literal":[94,117,175,198],"meaning":[95,176,199],"amounts":[98],"least":[102],"interpretation\u2019,":[103],"\u2018exactly":[106],"n":[107,189],"\u2019":[108,190],"results":[110],"from":[111,193],"pragmatic":[113],"enrichment":[114],"reading,":[118,155,181],"i.e.":[119],"it":[120,245],"accounted":[122],"for":[123,228],"terms":[125,288],"scalar":[127,294],"implicatures":[128],".":[129],"underspecification":[132],"\u2018underspecified\u2019,":[139],"with":[140,200,269],"result":[142,192],"that":[143,223,247],"freely":[146],"receive":[147],"or":[152],"depending":[156],"these":[160],"three":[161],"construals":[162],"contextually":[164],"most":[166],"relevant.":[167],"\u2018exactly\u2019\u2010only":[170],"numerals'":[173],"corresponds":[177],"\u2018exactly\u2019":[180,218],"least\u2019":[185,216],"\u2018fewer":[187],"than":[188],"interaction":[195],"background,":[201],"non\u2010linguistic":[202],"knowledge.":[203],"ambiguity":[206,242],"are":[209,283],"ambiguous":[210],"two":[212],"readings,":[213],"readings.":[219],"argues":[222],"order":[225],"account":[227],"all":[229],"relevant":[231],"data,":[232],"one":[233],"needs":[234],"adopt":[236],"certain":[238],"version":[239],"view.":[243],"But":[244],"suggests":[246],"should":[249],"not":[250],"necessarily":[251],"thought":[253],"being":[256],"lexically":[257],"ambiguous,":[258],"but":[259],"rather":[260],"giving":[262],"rise":[263],"ambiguities":[265,279],"through":[266],"their":[267],"so\u2010called":[270],"exhaustivity":[271],"operators.":[272],"According":[273],"such":[275],"triggered":[280],"by":[281],"explained":[286],"non\u2010Gricean":[291],"theory":[292],"implicatures.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
