{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167923881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70346","title":"Deep Representation Learning\u2010Driven Self\u2010Supervised Label Generation for Automated Long\u2010Term Land Use/Land Cover Classification Using Remote Sensing and <scp>GIS</scp>","display_name":"Deep Representation Learning\u2010Driven Self\u2010Supervised Label Generation for Automated Long\u2010Term Land Use/Land Cover Classification Using Remote Sensing and <scp>GIS</scp>","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167923881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128051141","display_name":"Jianshe Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150305","display_name":"Henan Institute of Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/049asma29","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150305"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianshe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Information and Management Henan College of Surveying and Mapping  Zhengzhou Henan China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Information and Management Henan College of Surveying and Mapping  Zhengzhou Henan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150305"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101182043","display_name":"Muhammad Shahid Iqbal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200749728","display_name":"Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University","ror":"https://ror.org/035zn2q74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahid Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["PMAS Arid Agriculture University  Rawalpindi Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PMAS Arid Agriculture University  Rawalpindi Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200749728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140394337","display_name":"Riaz Sheriff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116320","display_name":"Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/02e22ra24","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116320"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riaz Sheriff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecoinformatics Lab, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment  Bengaluru India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecoinformatics Lab, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment  Bengaluru India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065867620","display_name":"Mohammad Suhail Meer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-358X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Suhail Meer","raw_affiliation_strings":["HealthGIS Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University  Chennai India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-358X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthGIS Laboratory, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University  Chennai India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092891562","display_name":"Aleksandra O. Utkina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129897247","display_name":"Russian New University","ror":"https://ror.org/00gj2kk32","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129897247"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra O. Utkina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University  Moscow Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University  Moscow Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129897247"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066778653","display_name":"Qaiser Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-7970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161052","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1gnk07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161052"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qaisar Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, College of Political Science and Economics Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-7970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, College of Political Science and Economics Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080364045","display_name":"Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-8679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104933","display_name":"Biruni University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nkhmn89","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN","TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Muhammad Zulqernain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey","Department of Mathematics Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Thandalam  Chennai India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-8679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Thandalam  Chennai India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140393864","display_name":"Sajjad Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus  Vehari Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus  Vehari Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013662030","display_name":"Saad S. Alarifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-1736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad S. Alarifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065867620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92474402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.6202999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.6202999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.23260000348091125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.07900000363588333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6274999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.310699999332428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6274999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502990516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395383","display_name":"Agricultural land","level":3,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117082904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261857","display_name":"SeaWiFS","level":4,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.40362274646759033}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3091218666","https://openalex.org/W4307906851","https://openalex.org/W4388501533","https://openalex.org/W4388558249","https://openalex.org/W4391484955","https://openalex.org/W4394627393","https://openalex.org/W4398187627","https://openalex.org/W4400187534","https://openalex.org/W4400664264","https://openalex.org/W4400788096","https://openalex.org/W4403400645","https://openalex.org/W4404323526","https://openalex.org/W4404922593","https://openalex.org/W4405782925","https://openalex.org/W4406248872","https://openalex.org/W4408490733","https://openalex.org/W4409103012","https://openalex.org/W4409124864","https://openalex.org/W4409474291","https://openalex.org/W4409535383","https://openalex.org/W4409640590","https://openalex.org/W4409822269","https://openalex.org/W4410350089","https://openalex.org/W4410461140","https://openalex.org/W4410579328","https://openalex.org/W4410949632","https://openalex.org/W4411202093","https://openalex.org/W4411260472","https://openalex.org/W4411969050","https://openalex.org/W4412989495","https://openalex.org/W4413054758","https://openalex.org/W4413389195","https://openalex.org/W4413553408","https://openalex.org/W4413951897","https://openalex.org/W4413992498","https://openalex.org/W4414110894","https://openalex.org/W4414560723","https://openalex.org/W4414919931","https://openalex.org/W4415185366","https://openalex.org/W4415517940","https://openalex.org/W4415756818","https://openalex.org/W4416078359","https://openalex.org/W4416756186","https://openalex.org/W4417288615","https://openalex.org/W7109953977","https://openalex.org/W7117567478","https://openalex.org/W7118182164","https://openalex.org/W7118777218","https://openalex.org/W7124751690","https://openalex.org/W7133209586","https://openalex.org/W7133776870"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"study,":[3],"we":[4],"reconstruct":[5],"multi\u2010decadal":[6],"Land":[7,10],"Use":[8],"and":[9,57,80,94,100,123,179,219],"Cover":[11],"(LULC)":[12],"dynamics":[13],"(1990\u20132025)":[14],"in":[15,107,124,143,206,240],"the":[16,64,87,160,163,180,207,211],"Pearl":[17],"River":[18],"Delta":[19],"(PRD)":[20],"using":[21],"a":[22],"deep":[23],"representation":[24,227],"learning\u2013driven,":[25],"self\u2010supervised":[26,226],"framework":[27],"applied":[28],"to":[29,114,131,150,170,189],"harmonized":[30],"Landsat":[31,68],"archives.":[32],"High\u2010confidence":[33],"pseudo\u2010label":[34],"cores":[35],"were":[36],"derived":[37],"from":[38,112,129,148,168,187],"percentile\u2010based":[39],"spectral\u2013phenological":[40],"rules,":[41],"refined":[42],"with":[43,52,59,74,210],"robust":[44],"Median":[45],"Absolute":[46],"Deviation":[47],"(MAD)":[48],"filtering,":[49],"then":[50],"embedded":[51],"an":[53],"era\u2010specific":[54],"denoising":[55],"autoencoder":[56],"classified":[58],"Random":[60],"Forest":[61],"(RF).":[62],"Over":[63],"span":[65],"of":[66,165,182],"four":[67],"generations,":[69],"classification":[70],"performance":[71],"proved":[72],"consistent,":[73],"overall":[75],"accuracy":[76],"frequently":[77],"above":[78],"0.80":[79],"peaking":[81],"at":[82],"0.914":[83],"\u00b1":[84],"0.060":[85],"during":[86],"Landsat\u20109":[88],"era.":[89],"The":[90,102],"PRD":[91],"noticed":[92],"substantial":[93],"diverse":[95],"land":[96,145,184,238],"redistribution":[97],"between":[98],"1990":[99],"2025.":[101],"highest":[103],"relative":[104],"expansion":[105],"was":[106,146,203],"urban":[108],"land,":[109],"which":[110,127],"increased":[111,128],"1931.43":[113],"4547.26":[115],"km":[116,119,133,136,152,155,172,175,191,194],"2":[117,120,134,137,153,156,173,176,192,195],"(+2615.83":[118],";":[121,138,157,177,196],"+135.4%),":[122],"forest":[125],"area,":[126],"15,863.85":[130],"20,509.68":[132],"(+4645.83":[135],"+29.3%).":[139],"A":[140,199],"notable":[141],"spike":[142],"agricultural":[144],"observed,":[147],"10,495.05":[149],"12,193.43":[151],"(+1698.38":[154],"+16.2%).":[158],"On":[159],"other":[161],"hand,":[162],"amount":[164,181],"water":[166],"reduced":[167],"8004.79":[169],"4675.04":[171],"(\u22123329.75":[174],"\u221241.6%),":[178],"bare":[183],"decreased":[185],"marginally":[186],"18,041.47":[188],"17,270.08":[190],"(\u2212771.39":[193],"&lt;":[197],"4.3%).":[198],"systematic,":[200],"uneven":[201],"distribution":[202],"also":[204],"evident":[205],"intensity":[208],"analysis,":[209],"two":[212],"main":[213],"transition":[214],"pathways":[215],"being":[216],"barren\u2010to\u2010water":[217],"(34.92%)":[218],"barren\u2010to\u2010urban":[220],"(9.29%).":[221],"These":[222],"findings":[223],"demonstrate":[224],"that":[225],"learning":[228],"(SSRL)":[229],"enables":[230],"temporally":[231],"consistent":[232],"LULC":[233],"reconstruction":[234],"while":[235],"diagnosing":[236],"directional":[237],"reallocation":[239],"highly":[241],"heterogeneous":[242],"megaregions.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-11T05:49:48.208612","created_date":"2026-07-11T00:00:00"}