{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134949750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70236","title":"Data\u2010Driven Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effect and Economic Effect Based on Machine Learning and Wavelet Coherence","display_name":"Data\u2010Driven Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effect and Economic Effect Based on Machine Learning and Wavelet Coherence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134949750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122820803","display_name":"Linjing Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124427","display_name":"City College of Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdh2x09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029","https://openalex.org/I4210124427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linjing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124427","https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101582539","display_name":"Yushi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7996-5122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799850029","display_name":"Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01m8p7q42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124427","display_name":"City College of Dongguan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdh2x09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799850029","https://openalex.org/I4210124427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School of Dongguan City University  Dongguan Guangdong China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124427","https://openalex.org/I2799850029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065137123","display_name":"Ahsan Jamil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6855-4147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207123951","display_name":"New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/005p9kw61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Jamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources  Socorro New\u00a0Mexico USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6855-4147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources  Socorro New\u00a0Mexico USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049550441","display_name":"Zeeshan Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-9242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management Wuhan University  Wuhan China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-9242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management Wuhan University  Wuhan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066675055","display_name":"Muhammad Afzaal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9983-3306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100043","display_name":"Superior University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yh88643","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Afzaal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Superior University  Lahore Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Superior University  Lahore Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018824700","display_name":"Nyasha John Kavhiza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8505-3253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126527374","display_name":"Peoples' Friendship University of Russia","ror":"https://ror.org/02dn9h927","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nyasha J. Kavhiza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering RUDN University  Moscow Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering RUDN University  Moscow Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126527374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128792122","display_name":"Khadeijah Yahya Faqeih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khadeijah Yahya Faqeih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122333734","display_name":"Somayah Moshrif Alamri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somayah Moshrif Alamri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118305990","display_name":"Eman Rafi Alamery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7052-3239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Rafi Alamery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128742327","display_name":"Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS\u00a0Thandalam  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-8679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS\u00a0Thandalam  Chennai Tamil Nadu India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066778653","display_name":"Qaiser Abbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-7970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161052","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m1gnk07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161052"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qaiser Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, College of Political Science and Economics Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-7970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, College of Political Science and Economics Korea University  Seoul Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":7,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049550441"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.6639,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98098873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"Urban heat island","score":0.8337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-wave","display_name":"Heat wave","score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-expansion","display_name":"Urban expansion","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.8337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.585099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993220731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Heat wave","level":3,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984674859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban expansion","level":3,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427027","display_name":"Green infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985909886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193147","display_name":"Spatial coherence","level":3,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5263945460319519}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129572801","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2565001926","https://openalex.org/W2620124499","https://openalex.org/W2741081303","https://openalex.org/W3091218666","https://openalex.org/W4220698225","https://openalex.org/W4232872062","https://openalex.org/W4280564806","https://openalex.org/W4294983475","https://openalex.org/W4298009401","https://openalex.org/W4308383003","https://openalex.org/W4309386985","https://openalex.org/W4309576295","https://openalex.org/W4312082824","https://openalex.org/W4312221979","https://openalex.org/W4317567565","https://openalex.org/W4323256886","https://openalex.org/W4323261924","https://openalex.org/W4323852252","https://openalex.org/W4323923311","https://openalex.org/W4376274432","https://openalex.org/W4377971276","https://openalex.org/W4378450623","https://openalex.org/W4380884544","https://openalex.org/W4385241080","https://openalex.org/W4385376086","https://openalex.org/W4386331651","https://openalex.org/W4386380239","https://openalex.org/W4386630971","https://openalex.org/W4387510980","https://openalex.org/W4389306213","https://openalex.org/W4391507974","https://openalex.org/W4392356485","https://openalex.org/W4392469849","https://openalex.org/W4392708639","https://openalex.org/W4392815039","https://openalex.org/W4393062788","https://openalex.org/W4393085905","https://openalex.org/W4394710147","https://openalex.org/W4394742417","https://openalex.org/W4397011549","https://openalex.org/W4398773739","https://openalex.org/W4400913944","https://openalex.org/W4403400645","https://openalex.org/W4403707564","https://openalex.org/W4406958515","https://openalex.org/W4408329082","https://openalex.org/W4409474291","https://openalex.org/W4409489713","https://openalex.org/W4411969050","https://openalex.org/W4412534968","https://openalex.org/W4413553408","https://openalex.org/W4414479049","https://openalex.org/W4415064911","https://openalex.org/W4415595490","https://openalex.org/W4416415531","https://openalex.org/W7082971503","https://openalex.org/W7107856606","https://openalex.org/W7117110415","https://openalex.org/W7118162302"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,43,86,110],"configuration":[2],"of":[3,16,30,81,116,126,135],"urban":[4,19,147],"infrastructure,":[5],"green":[6,117,128],"spaces,":[7],"and":[8,63,71,78,141,149],"vegetation":[9,82],"is":[10],"crucial":[11],"in":[12,34,60,66,119,138],"alleviating":[13],"the":[14,17,27,31,61,67,107,113,124,133],"impacts":[15],"surface":[18],"heat":[20],"island":[21],"(SUHI)":[22],"effect.":[23],"This":[24,130],"study":[25],"examined":[26],"spatiotemporal":[28],"dynamics":[29],"SUHI":[32,54,84,121],"impact":[33],"Sialkot":[35],"from":[36],"2001":[37],"to":[38],"2023,":[39],"employing":[40],"Landsat":[41],"data.":[42],"Modified":[44],"Mann\u2013Kendall":[45],"trend":[46],"test":[47],"indicated":[48],"a":[49,58],"stable":[50],"but":[51],"somewhat":[52],"declining":[53],"trend,":[55],"along":[56],"with":[57,101],"reduction":[59],"IBI":[62],"an":[64],"elevation":[65],"NDVI.":[68],"Wavelet":[69],"coherence":[70],"rolling":[72],"correlation":[73],"analyses":[74],"demonstrated":[75],"complex":[76],"short\u2010term":[77],"seasonal":[79],"effects":[80],"on":[83],"intensity.":[85],"XGBoost":[87],"model":[88],"exhibited":[89],"substantial":[90],"predictive":[91],"accuracy":[92],"(":[93],"R":[94],"2":[95],"=":[96,99],"0.86,":[97],"RMSE":[98],"0.18),":[100],"Land":[102],"Surface":[103],"Temperature":[104],"recognized":[105],"as":[106],"primary":[108],"determinant.":[109],"findings":[111],"highlight":[112],"essential":[114],"function":[115],"infrastructure":[118],"mitigating":[120],"effects,":[122],"indicating":[123],"efficacy":[125],"Pakistan's":[127],"programs.":[129],"research":[131],"highlights":[132],"importance":[134],"machine":[136],"learning":[137],"environmental":[139],"studies":[140],"provides":[142],"critical":[143],"insights":[144],"for":[145],"sustainable":[146],"design":[148],"policy":[150],"formulation.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}