{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138881719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70225","title":"Why It's So Hard to Match Residence Addresses to Census Blocks\u2014And How to Fix It","display_name":"Why It's So Hard to Match Residence Addresses to Census Blocks\u2014And How to Fix It","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138881719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70225","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41907026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025933/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035313763","display_name":"Aleksander Berg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksander Berg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-3514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031380881","display_name":"Myron P. Gutmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-3573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myron Gutmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-3573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087645671","display_name":"Stefan Leyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9180-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Leyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9180-4853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031785707","display_name":"Hoeyun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161301626","display_name":"Lehman College","ror":"https://ror.org/03m908832","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161301626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoeyun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehman College City University of New York  New York New York USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-2170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehman College City University of New York  New York New York USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161301626"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035313763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29067506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.8112000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.8112000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.04859999939799309,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12011","display_name":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geocoding","display_name":"Geocoding","score":0.9613999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census","display_name":"Census","score":0.8852999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residence","display_name":"Residence","score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-community-survey","display_name":"American Community Survey","score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-coordinate-system","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-area-estimation","display_name":"Small area estimation","score":0.3386000096797943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.9613999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.8852999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6995999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15672241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463769","display_name":"American Community Survey","level":4,"score":0.5259000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123046963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22664","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129963666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105857","display_name":"Small area estimation","level":3,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992444157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775079","display_name":"Single point","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/tgis.70225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.70225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S859791518","display_name":"Transactions in GIS","issn_l":"1361-1682","issn":["1361-1682","1467-9671"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41907026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41907026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions in GIS : TG","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13025933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025933/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Trans GIS","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13025933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13025933/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Trans GIS","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4919240395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AG080483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138173982","https://openalex.org/W1704261319","https://openalex.org/W1748245950","https://openalex.org/W2007105189","https://openalex.org/W2008058629","https://openalex.org/W2021204697","https://openalex.org/W2023438588","https://openalex.org/W2030591537","https://openalex.org/W2032545309","https://openalex.org/W2045793244","https://openalex.org/W2047765673","https://openalex.org/W2073393990","https://openalex.org/W2082497901","https://openalex.org/W2082534483","https://openalex.org/W2090843532","https://openalex.org/W2099618653","https://openalex.org/W2108249131","https://openalex.org/W2129402021","https://openalex.org/W2129634129","https://openalex.org/W2142483841","https://openalex.org/W2143571432","https://openalex.org/W2146713315","https://openalex.org/W2151515721","https://openalex.org/W2159118982","https://openalex.org/W2166939985","https://openalex.org/W2474332984","https://openalex.org/W2612534185","https://openalex.org/W2623593274","https://openalex.org/W2895195595","https://openalex.org/W2905472553","https://openalex.org/W2914621670","https://openalex.org/W3003137319","https://openalex.org/W3017834546","https://openalex.org/W3037405412","https://openalex.org/W3093585095","https://openalex.org/W3159530384","https://openalex.org/W4289638019","https://openalex.org/W4361277001","https://openalex.org/W4389575478","https://openalex.org/W4390617396","https://openalex.org/W4394029687","https://openalex.org/W4395687951","https://openalex.org/W4407959496"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"does":[1,98],"one":[2,90],"match":[3,53],"addresses":[4,124,242],"to":[5,42,46,182,194],"other":[6],"kinds":[7],"of":[8,19,28,57,69,87,115,131,137,142,148,162,170,241],"geography,":[9],"for":[10,134,180],"example":[11],"associating":[12],"a":[13,22,47,66,82,156,217],"residence":[14,72],"address":[15,45,97,208],"(a":[16],"common":[17],"bit":[18],"information)":[20],"with":[21,55,229,236],"parcel":[23],"map":[24],"or":[25,89],"the":[26,71,77,96,120,135,168,203,237,252],"boundaries":[27],"U.S.":[29],"census":[30,35,58,195,215],"blocks,":[31],"block":[32,59,83,196],"groups,":[33],"and":[34,49,51,106,146,167,245,250],"tracts?":[36],"While":[37],"it":[38,61],"might":[39],"seem":[40],"\"easy\"":[41],"convert":[43],"an":[44,207,213],"latitude":[48],"longitude,":[50],"then":[52],"that":[54,64,84,91,256],"maps":[56],"boundaries,":[60],"turns":[62],"out":[63],"in":[65,81,119,128,212,254],"significant":[67],"number":[68],"cases,":[70],"\"address\"":[73],"gets":[74],"placed":[75],"outside":[76],"correct":[78],"block,":[79,216],"either":[80],"is":[85,92,173,210],"empty":[86],"population,":[88],"populated":[93],"but":[94],"where":[95,159],"not":[99,104],"belong.":[100],"These":[101],"issues":[102],"are":[103,153,165,243],"new,":[105],"have":[107,125],"been":[108,126],"consistently":[109],"explored":[110],"ever":[111],"since":[112],"widespread":[113],"use":[114],"geocoding":[116],"technology":[117],"emerged":[118],"early":[121],"2000s.":[122],"Geocoded":[123],"applied":[127],"many":[129],"areas":[130],"research,":[132],"including":[133],"detection":[136],"cancer":[138],"clusters":[139],"(health),":[140],"measurement":[141],"environmental":[143],"inequality":[144],"(environment),":[145],"optimization":[147],"business":[149],"locations":[150,240],"(commerce).":[151],"We":[152,176,223],"now":[154],"at":[155],"turning":[157],"point":[158,209],"vast":[160],"amounts":[161],"spatial":[163,239],"data":[164,172,179,200],"collected":[166],"linking":[169],"disparate":[171],"evermore":[174],"necessary.":[175],"join":[177],"mortality":[178],"1990":[181],"2022":[183],"from":[184],"6":[185],"states":[186],"(California,":[187],"Colorado,":[188],"Florida,":[189],"Massachusetts,":[190],"Michigan,":[191],"New":[192],"Jersey)":[193],"geometries.":[197],"With":[198],"those":[199],"we":[201,219],"explore":[202],"mismatch":[204],"generated":[205],"when":[206],"located":[211],"implausible":[214],"problem":[218],"call":[220],"overlay":[221],"uncertainty.":[222],"(1)":[224],"estimate":[225,251],"error":[226,255],"levels":[227],"associated":[228],"this":[230],"join,":[231],"(2)":[232],"reveal":[233],"systematic":[234],"problems":[235],"ways":[238],"misplaced,":[244],"(3)":[246],"propose":[247],"corrective":[248],"measures":[249],"reduction":[253],"can":[257],"be":[258],"accomplished.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
