{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414483040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70123","title":"Digital Competencies for Effective <scp>GenAI</scp> Use in Secondary Schools: A Longitudinal Exploration of Teachers' Perspectives and Classroom Practices","display_name":"Digital Competencies for Effective <scp>GenAI</scp> Use in Secondary Schools: A Longitudinal Exploration of Teachers' Perspectives and Classroom Practices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414483040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70123","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70123","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107159396","display_name":"Liron Levy\u2010Nadav","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164950643","display_name":"Open University of Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/027z64205","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liron Levy\u2010Nadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0112-2028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039335936","display_name":"Tamar Shamir\u2010Inbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5237-5897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164950643","display_name":"Open University of Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/027z64205","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamar Shamir\u2010Inbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5237-5897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074812302","display_name":"Ina Blau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164950643","display_name":"Open University of Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/027z64205","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ina Blau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5695-7221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel  Ra'anana Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074812302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"fwci":13.5983,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98571984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"Digital literacy","score":0.6654000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-literacy","display_name":"Computer literacy","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-integration","display_name":"Technology integration","score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-learning","display_name":"Digital learning","score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.3499000072479248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.6654000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.6078000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192531217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595868","display_name":"Computer literacy","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692612","display_name":"Technology integration","level":3,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87858587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730675","display_name":"Quantitative research","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80245801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477475","display_name":"Semi-structured interview","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119883117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679789","display_name":"Information literacy","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983612474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48967837","display_name":"Technological literacy","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780805685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374230","display_name":"Teacher education","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70123","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70123","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414483040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414483040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W244452145","https://openalex.org/W2082581342","https://openalex.org/W2752543279","https://openalex.org/W2995077951","https://openalex.org/W3014420450","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3083762786","https://openalex.org/W3135354507","https://openalex.org/W3205271445","https://openalex.org/W3215201135","https://openalex.org/W4200613005","https://openalex.org/W4206318433","https://openalex.org/W4317910584","https://openalex.org/W4318257512","https://openalex.org/W4321434840","https://openalex.org/W4321499901","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4360980141","https://openalex.org/W4366566346","https://openalex.org/W4380319612","https://openalex.org/W4386417345","https://openalex.org/W4386559346","https://openalex.org/W4387004321","https://openalex.org/W4387379065","https://openalex.org/W4389681621","https://openalex.org/W4390282774","https://openalex.org/W4391896794","https://openalex.org/W4392515993","https://openalex.org/W4392767952","https://openalex.org/W4392859019","https://openalex.org/W4401611062","https://openalex.org/W4401669079","https://openalex.org/W4402354394","https://openalex.org/W4402357854","https://openalex.org/W4402480686","https://openalex.org/W4403424278","https://openalex.org/W4405514750","https://openalex.org/W4406246343","https://openalex.org/W4406291130","https://openalex.org/W4407405478","https://openalex.org/W4408128757","https://openalex.org/W4408220441","https://openalex.org/W4408718435","https://openalex.org/W4409194897"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,60,240,265],"rapid":[3],"rise":[4],"of":[5,92,110,122,155,186,196,210,237],"Generative":[6],"Artificial":[7],"Intelligence":[8],"(GenAI)":[9],"is":[10,17],"transforming":[11],"education.":[12],"At":[13],"this":[14],"stage,":[15],"there":[16],"not":[18],"yet":[19],"a":[20,120,151,228],"well\u2010established":[21],"and":[22,36,51,56,90,95,134,144,166,181,201,223,234,261,272],"tested":[23],"theoretical":[24,43],"framework":[25,247],"clarifying":[26],"which":[27,253],"competencies":[28,70,94,172,192,219,233,256],"learners":[29],"must":[30],"possess":[31],"to":[32,63],"use":[33,195],"GenAI":[34,76,123],"effectively":[35],"safely.":[37],"This":[38,128],"study":[39,61,130,266],"draws":[40],"on":[41],"three":[42],"frameworks:":[44],"Eshet\u2010Alkalai's":[45],"Digital":[46],"Literacy":[47,54],"Framework":[48],"(2012),":[49],"Long":[50],"Magerko's":[52],"AI":[53],"(2020)":[55],"DigComp":[57],"2.2.":[58],"Objectives":[59],"aims":[62],"explore":[64],"teachers'":[65],"perspectives":[66],"regarding":[67],"the":[68,82,88,142,208,244],"digital":[69,176,245],"that":[71,86,189],"students":[72],"need":[73],"for":[74,125,148,227,257],"effective":[75],"tool":[77],"use,":[78],"as":[79,81],"well":[80],"classroom":[83,187],"learning":[84,158,224],"activities":[85,159,188],"facilitate":[87],"development":[89],"practice":[91,273],"these":[93,191],"how":[96],"they":[97],"evolve":[98],"over":[99],"time.":[100],"Methods":[101],"We":[102],"conducted":[103,160],"34":[104],"semi\u2010structured":[105],"interviews":[106,222],"at":[107],"an":[108],"interval":[109],"6\u20138":[111],"months":[112],"with":[113,138],"17":[114],"teachers":[115],"who":[116],"had":[117],"begun":[118],"utilising":[119],"variety":[121],"tools":[124],"teaching":[126],"purposes.":[127],"mixed\u2010methods":[129],"combines":[131],"qualitative":[132,153],"top\u2010down":[133],"bottom\u2010up":[135],"thematic":[136],"analysis":[137],"quantitative":[139],"comparisons":[140],"between":[141],"pre":[143],"post":[145],"measurements.":[146],"Additionally,":[147],"data":[149],"triangulation,":[150],"large":[152],"sample":[154],"97":[156],"GenAI\u2010enhanced":[157],"in":[161,207,217,220,231],"classrooms":[162],"was":[163],"analysed.":[164],"Results":[165],"Conclusions":[167],"Findings":[168],"revealed":[169],"seven":[170],"key":[171],"categorised":[173],"into":[174,270],"general":[175,255],"literacies,":[177],"emerging":[178,259],"technology":[179,212],"literacies":[180],"GenAI\u2010specific":[182],"competencies.":[183,264],"Three":[184],"categories":[185],"practiced":[190],"emerged:":[193],"proper":[194],"tools,":[197],"fostering":[198],"personal":[199],"expression":[200],"encouraging":[202],"critical":[203],"discussion.":[204],"As":[205],"expected":[206],"beginning":[209],"new":[211],"integration,":[213],"declines":[214],"were":[215],"observed":[216],"most":[218],"both":[221],"activities,":[225],"except":[226],"significant":[229],"increase":[230],"critical\u2010thinking":[232],"stable":[235],"levels":[236],"managing\u2010ongoing":[238],"dialogue.":[239],"findings":[241],"suggest":[242],"expanding":[243],"literacy":[246],"by":[248],"incorporating":[249],"\u2018Learning":[250],"New":[251],"Technology\u2019,":[252],"covers":[254],"integrating":[258],"technologies,":[260],"specific":[262],"GenAI\u2010related":[263],"offers":[267],"valuable":[268],"insights":[269],"theory":[271],"AI\u2010enhanced":[274],"learning.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}