{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411070855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70046","title":"Are Graduates Digitally Unprepared?\u2014A Digital Technology Gap Analysis From Alumni and Employer's Perspectives","display_name":"Are Graduates Digitally Unprepared?\u2014A Digital Technology Gap Analysis From Alumni and Employer's Perspectives","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411070855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70046"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70046","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70046","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089609668","display_name":"Xue Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801815002","display_name":"Leicester College","ror":"https://ror.org/02cx93t24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801815002"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester, College of Business  Leicester UK","University of Leicester, College of Business, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester, College of Business  Leicester UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801815002","https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester, College of Business, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801815002","https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071834116","display_name":"Peter Wolstencroft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-8900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Wolstencroft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK","Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-8900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001035024","display_name":"Lilian Schofield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-7862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799858192","display_name":"London School of Business and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1n1798","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lilian N. Schofield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London School of Business and Management  London UK","Queen Mary University of London, School of Business and Management, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-7862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London School of Business and Management  London UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, School of Business and Management, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008039745","display_name":"Lei Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7513-1271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799858192","display_name":"London School of Business and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1n1798","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London School of Business and Management  London UK","Queen Mary University of London, School of Business and Management, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7513-1271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London School of Business and Management  London UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London, School of Business and Management, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001035024"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I2799858192"],"apc_list":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":{"value":3760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3760},"fwci":8.159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97058966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13585","display_name":"Technostress in Professional Settings","score":0.9458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Educational Innovations and Challenges","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"Digital literacy","score":0.6855546832084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"Lifelong learning","score":0.5167204737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.4658181667327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.4454765319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.4424991011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-media","display_name":"Digital media","score":0.4410146176815033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-learning","display_name":"Digital learning","score":0.4305281937122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.4237099885940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.3986327648162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.3975868225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3659190237522125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3512371778488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32678401470184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1310504674911499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.6855546832084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108771440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368475","display_name":"Lifelong learning","level":2,"score":0.5167204737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4658181667327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.4454765319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4424991011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.4410146176815033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.4305281937122345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.4237099885940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3986327648162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3975868225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3659190237522125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3512371778488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32678401470184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1310504674911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70046","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:640225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/view/authors/e1525194a04fea338a0d2b20de844c5b.html>","pdf_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/640225/1/Computer%20Assisted%20Learning%20-%202025%20-%20Zhou%20-%20Are%20Graduates%20Digitally%20Unprepared%20%20A%20Digital%20Technology%20Gap%20Analysis%20From.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29314064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jcal.70046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.70046","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/jcal.70046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5743915","display_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","issn_l":"0266-4909","issn":["0266-4909","1365-2729"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411070855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411070855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81685006","https://openalex.org/W377384883","https://openalex.org/W1503566753","https://openalex.org/W1516534262","https://openalex.org/W1560056355","https://openalex.org/W1564587119","https://openalex.org/W1582985395","https://openalex.org/W1778277763","https://openalex.org/W1970502738","https://openalex.org/W2004526276","https://openalex.org/W2063706783","https://openalex.org/W2087907449","https://openalex.org/W2093931842","https://openalex.org/W2113393509","https://openalex.org/W2124483205","https://openalex.org/W2560803742","https://openalex.org/W2593962681","https://openalex.org/W2625526009","https://openalex.org/W2789537740","https://openalex.org/W2965584476","https://openalex.org/W2971035958","https://openalex.org/W2996281590","https://openalex.org/W2998806150","https://openalex.org/W3004237587","https://openalex.org/W3014420450","https://openalex.org/W3023316006","https://openalex.org/W3026279743","https://openalex.org/W3033915435","https://openalex.org/W3042555416","https://openalex.org/W3044927446","https://openalex.org/W3108439526","https://openalex.org/W3113166599","https://openalex.org/W3176259262","https://openalex.org/W4210296237","https://openalex.org/W4223443733","https://openalex.org/W4224126859","https://openalex.org/W4280544081","https://openalex.org/W4280604734","https://openalex.org/W4281912517","https://openalex.org/W4285291169","https://openalex.org/W4292731267","https://openalex.org/W4300912023","https://openalex.org/W4313445380","https://openalex.org/W4361274788","https://openalex.org/W4377047088","https://openalex.org/W4386934359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2359844740","https://openalex.org/W3135506084","https://openalex.org/W2882528760","https://openalex.org/W2353657211","https://openalex.org/W2382880579","https://openalex.org/W2810238891","https://openalex.org/W2374609746","https://openalex.org/W2789537740","https://openalex.org/W1564587119","https://openalex.org/W3008748258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2,30,63,145,175,218],"digital":[3,38,64,110,118,126,133,151,161,200,207,243],"literacy":[4,111,134,164],"landscape":[5],"has":[6],"undergone":[7],"significant":[8],"changes":[9],"over":[10],"the":[11,16,19,23,34,47,67,84,97,106,125,132,140,150,170,212,238,242],"last":[12],"5":[13],"years,":[14],"from":[15,139],"impact":[17],"of":[18,25,59,80,86,92,241],"COVID\u201019":[20,31,168],"pandemic":[21,32],"to":[22,69,105,148,189,236],"emergence":[24],"Artificial":[26],"Intelligence":[27],"(AI)":[28],"technologies.":[29],"hastened":[33],"necessity":[35],"for":[36,40,99,116,214],"advanced":[37],"skills":[39,162],"remote":[41],"work":[42],"and":[43,56,66,83,95,123,142,153,156,163,169,183,195,209,227],"online":[44],"collaboration,":[45],"while":[46],"current":[48,171,192],"AI":[49,172],"era":[50,79],"demands":[51,240],"proficiency":[52],"in":[53,77,120,203],"new":[54],"technologies":[55],"an":[57],"understanding":[58],"their":[60],"ethical":[61],"implications.":[62],"deficit":[65],"need":[68,213],"align":[70],"university":[71,137],"education":[72,122],"with":[73,181],"industry":[74],"demands,":[75],"especially":[76],"this":[78,100],"fast\u2010changing":[81],"technology":[82],"advancement":[85],"generative":[87],"AI,":[88],"are":[89,96],"still":[90],"subjects":[91],"ongoing":[93,107],"debate":[94],"motivation":[98],"paper.":[101],"This":[102,129],"study":[103,130,146,219],"contributes":[104],"discourse":[108],"on":[109],"by":[112],"providing":[113],"actionable":[114],"insights":[115],"enhancing":[117],"competencies":[119],"higher":[121],"bridging":[124],"gap.":[127],"Objectives":[128],"examines":[131],"gaps":[135],"among":[136],"graduates":[138,235],"alumni":[141,157,182],"employers'":[143,155],"perspectives.":[144],"aims":[147],"understand":[149],"gap":[152],"how":[154],"expectations":[158],"regarding":[159],"employees'":[160],"have":[165],"evolved":[166],"during":[167],"era.":[173],"Methods":[174],"data":[176,198],"were":[177,187],"gathered":[178],"through":[179],"interviews":[180,186],"employers.":[184],"Forty":[185],"conducted":[188],"evaluate":[190],"graduates'":[191],"readiness.":[193],"Results":[194],"Conclusions":[196],"Our":[197],"reveals":[199],"deficiencies,":[201],"particularly":[202],"areas":[204],"such":[205,223],"as":[206,224],"identity":[208],"well\u2010being,":[210],"highlighting":[211],"targeted":[215],"educational":[216],"interventions.":[217],"proposes":[220],"strengthening":[221],"strategies":[222],"work\u2010integrated":[225],"learning":[226,229],"lifelong":[228],"so":[230],"universities":[231],"can":[232],"better":[233],"equip":[234],"meet":[237],"evolving":[239],"economy.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}