{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407831343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.70005","title":"Contract strategy in a nonexclusive system under the competition","display_name":"Contract strategy in a nonexclusive system under the competition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407831343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.70005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/itor.70005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.70005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S267729","display_name":"International Transactions in Operational Research","issn_l":"0969-6016","issn":["0969-6016","1475-3995"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions in Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383716","display_name":"Xiaojing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-3144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63354593","display_name":"Sichuan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/043dxc061","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63354593"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu Sichuan China","School of Management and Economics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu Sichuan China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-3144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Sichuan Normal University  Chengdu Sichuan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63354593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Economics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu Sichuan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020257647","display_name":"Gu Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-5009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142393192","display_name":"College of Staten Island","ror":"https://ror.org/02p179j44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142393192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science College of Staten Island CUNY  Staten Island NY USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science College of Staten Island CUNY  Staten Island NY USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142393192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047642373","display_name":"Xingzheng Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-8995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingzheng Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management and Economics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu Sichuan China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Economics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu Sichuan China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100383716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I63354593"],"apc_list":{"value":3660,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3660},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9793945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"5","first_page":"3453","last_page":"3482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.6455895900726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3827243745326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.379372775554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3512839078903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3439987003803253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2919784188270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25913020968437195}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6455895900726318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3827243745326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.379372775554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3512839078903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3439987003803253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2919784188270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25913020968437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/itor.70005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.70005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S267729","display_name":"International Transactions in Operational Research","issn_l":"0969-6016","issn":["0969-6016","1475-3995"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Transactions in Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1458061367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M673190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501769768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202308510180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W626296484","https://openalex.org/W1964114739","https://openalex.org/W1981714185","https://openalex.org/W1999716969","https://openalex.org/W2007306387","https://openalex.org/W2011359972","https://openalex.org/W2027536113","https://openalex.org/W2042547819","https://openalex.org/W2049907802","https://openalex.org/W2084559143","https://openalex.org/W2100604203","https://openalex.org/W2111153116","https://openalex.org/W2118558761","https://openalex.org/W2129241249","https://openalex.org/W2146146207","https://openalex.org/W2157406401","https://openalex.org/W2169515080","https://openalex.org/W2200222978","https://openalex.org/W2343172071","https://openalex.org/W2511152355","https://openalex.org/W2523426716","https://openalex.org/W2531614325","https://openalex.org/W2590885950","https://openalex.org/W2773164480","https://openalex.org/W2870133718","https://openalex.org/W2890897164","https://openalex.org/W2902310689","https://openalex.org/W2906542044","https://openalex.org/W2968835747","https://openalex.org/W2981797500","https://openalex.org/W3018191682","https://openalex.org/W3023598233","https://openalex.org/W3082942341","https://openalex.org/W3122264617","https://openalex.org/W3124264153","https://openalex.org/W3128625270","https://openalex.org/W3176815731","https://openalex.org/W3192275107","https://openalex.org/W4221068310","https://openalex.org/W4252966141","https://openalex.org/W4282837432","https://openalex.org/W4288855519","https://openalex.org/W4304822963","https://openalex.org/W4360798305","https://openalex.org/W4383172247","https://openalex.org/W4387637696","https://openalex.org/W4388491484","https://openalex.org/W4391647157","https://openalex.org/W6776800261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W1499852230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"studies":[3],"the":[4,8,37,43,51,54,58,62,66,74,87,95,106,116,124,134,137,140,143,172,178,185,190,205],"contract":[5,28,33,45,67,88,98,192],"strategy":[6,198],"of":[7,53,76,187,204,210],"nonexclusive":[9,55,77],"supply":[10,15],"chain,":[11],"where":[12],"two":[13,19],"manufacturers":[14,200],"competing":[16],"products":[17],"to":[18,34,101,154],"retailers":[20,23,81],"nonexclusively.":[21],"The":[22,161],"can":[24,193],"choose":[25],"a":[26,30,157,167],"revenue\u2010sharing":[27,125,144,191],"or":[29,207],"wholesale":[31,96,127,158,162],"price":[32,97,128,159,163],"trade":[35],"with":[36,156],"manufacturers.":[38],"We":[39],"compare":[40],"and":[41,47,61,139,177,201],"analyze":[42],"different":[44],"arrangements":[46],"provide":[48],"insights":[49],"into":[50],"impact":[52],"selling":[56],"format,":[57],"product":[59,179],"competition,":[60],"retailer":[63,118,141,173],"competition":[64,79,108,119,174,180,209],"on":[65,142],"decision.":[68],"Our":[69],"results":[70],"show":[71],"that":[72,94,115],"in":[73,86,122,184],"presence":[75],"selling,":[78,189],"between":[80,136],"is":[82,109,175,181],"an":[83,196],"important":[84],"factor":[85],"choice.":[89],"Existing":[90],"literature":[91],"has":[92,120],"shown":[93],"enables":[99],"participants":[100],"achieve":[102,166],"Pareto":[103],"improvement":[104],"when":[105,171],"market":[107],"fierce.":[110,182],"In":[111,131],"contrast,":[112],"we":[113],"find":[114],"intense":[117],"resulted":[121],"neither":[123],"nor":[126],"contracts":[129,164],"dominating.":[130],"this":[132],"case,":[133],"negotiations":[135],"manufacturer":[138],"ratio":[145],"could":[146,165],"not":[147],"be":[148,195],"successful,":[149],"so":[150],"they":[151],"are":[152],"forced":[153],"deal":[155],"contract.":[160],"win\u2010win":[168],"situation":[169],"only":[170,194],"weak":[176,208],"Furthermore,":[183],"case":[186],"exclusive":[188],"equilibrium":[197],"for":[199],"retailers,":[202],"regardless":[203],"fierce":[206],"retailers.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}