{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164520959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70330","title":"A <scp>DRL</scp> \u2010Based Offloading Approach for Smart Healthcare Systems","display_name":"A <scp>DRL</scp> \u2010Based Offloading Approach for Smart Healthcare Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164520959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/exsy.70330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72232612","display_name":"Expert Systems","issn_l":"0266-4720","issn":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138227034","display_name":"Nguyen Thi Thanh Hue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285420085","display_name":"Hung Yen University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052yjgk16","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Thi Thanh Hue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology Hung Yen University of Technology and Education  Hungyen Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology Hung Yen University of Technology and Education  Hungyen Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007232302","display_name":"Abdellah Chehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Chehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Royal Military College of Canada  Kingston Ontario Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Royal Military College of Canada  Kingston Ontario Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049449184","display_name":"Gwanggil Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-4278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwanggil Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Incheon National University  Incheon Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Incheon National University  Incheon Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107495164","display_name":"Chu Thi Minh Hue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chu Thi Minh Hue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Software Engineering FPT University  Hanoi Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Software Engineering FPT University  Hanoi Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093027501","display_name":"Ta Quang Chieu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5079-7762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182526193","display_name":"Thuyloi University","ror":"https://ror.org/04afshy24","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182526193"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ta Quang Chieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Thuyloi University  Hanoi Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5079-7762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Thuyloi University  Hanoi Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182526193"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046459587","display_name":"V\u0169 Kh\u00e1nh Qu\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0242-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285420085","display_name":"Hung Yen University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052yjgk16","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vu Khanh Quy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology Hung Yen University of Technology and Education  Hungyen Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0242-5606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology Hung Yen University of Technology and Education  Hungyen Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046459587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"],"apc_list":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75819101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-system","display_name":"Healthcare system","score":0.3806999921798706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.854200005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3878999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152223200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055471","display_name":"Smart environment","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88737568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890056","display_name":"Body area network","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/exsy.70330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72232612","display_name":"Expert Systems","issn_l":"0266-4720","issn":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.84279465675354,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2809526465","https://openalex.org/W2979412135","https://openalex.org/W3136134087","https://openalex.org/W3138472728","https://openalex.org/W3198064290","https://openalex.org/W3211999114","https://openalex.org/W3212941463","https://openalex.org/W3215518226","https://openalex.org/W3217808650","https://openalex.org/W4205526478","https://openalex.org/W4206321341","https://openalex.org/W4226369219","https://openalex.org/W4226464652","https://openalex.org/W4229083732","https://openalex.org/W4240203809","https://openalex.org/W4285018673","https://openalex.org/W4285262491","https://openalex.org/W4292972809","https://openalex.org/W4313231633","https://openalex.org/W4365129283","https://openalex.org/W4379382582","https://openalex.org/W4380905886","https://openalex.org/W4383751808","https://openalex.org/W4383890559","https://openalex.org/W4384519502","https://openalex.org/W4385194850","https://openalex.org/W4386918825","https://openalex.org/W4387196938","https://openalex.org/W4388543799","https://openalex.org/W4389879923","https://openalex.org/W4389890937","https://openalex.org/W4390017875","https://openalex.org/W4390075248","https://openalex.org/W4392581046","https://openalex.org/W4399206915","https://openalex.org/W4400111294","https://openalex.org/W4400525977","https://openalex.org/W4403295572","https://openalex.org/W4405811784","https://openalex.org/W4408324251","https://openalex.org/W4408951651","https://openalex.org/W4410852353","https://openalex.org/W4411687929"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Smart":[1],"healthcare":[2,48,159],"systems":[3,49],"are":[4],"expected":[5],"to":[6,17,69,71,156],"grow":[7],"exponentially":[8],"in":[9,22,41,58,140],"the":[10,126],"6G":[11],"era,":[12],"relying":[13],"on":[14,110],"their":[15],"capacity":[16],"provide":[18,78],"superior":[19],"network":[20],"services":[21],"terms":[23],"of":[24,34,82,88],"data":[25,36],"rates":[26],"and":[27,54,66,118,132,138,144,152],"deployment":[28],"scale.":[29],"This":[30],"generates":[31],"vast":[32],"amounts":[33],"health":[35],"that":[37,107,125],"must":[38],"be":[39],"processed":[40],"real\u2010time.":[42],"Therefore,":[43],"computational":[44,83],"offloading":[45,84,105,128],"for":[46,85,114],"smart":[47,158],"is":[50,55],"an":[51],"inevitable":[52],"trend":[53],"widely":[56],"applied":[57],"numerous":[59],"medical":[60],"applications,":[61,91],"ranging":[62],"from":[63],"image":[64],"diagnosis":[65],"clinical":[67],"treatment":[68],"responding":[70],"viral":[72],"pandemics.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"study,":[76],"we":[77,96,149],"a":[79,98],"comprehensive":[80],"overview":[81],"Health":[86],"Internet":[87],"Things":[89],"(HIoT)":[90],"examining":[92],"various":[93],"aspects.":[94],"Then,":[95],"propose":[97],"deep":[99],"reinforcement":[100],"learning":[101],"(DRL)\u2010based":[102],"intelligent":[103],"task":[104],"framework":[106],"performs":[108],"decision\u2010making":[109],"local":[111],"devices,":[112],"accounts":[113],"real\u2010time":[115],"resource":[116],"constraints":[117],"provides":[119],"detailed":[120],"analyses.":[121],"The":[122],"results":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"DRL\u2010based":[127],"strategy":[129],"outperformed":[130],"Greedy":[131],"Threshold\u2010based":[133],"methods":[134],"by":[135],"20%,":[136],"10%":[137],"45%":[139],"latency,":[141],"energy":[142],"consumption":[143],"failure":[145],"rate,":[146],"respectively.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"identified":[150],"challenges":[151],"open":[153],"issues":[154],"related":[155],"pervasive":[157],"systems.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:17:32.689207","created_date":"2026-06-13T00:00:00"}