{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410968704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288","title":"Discover Class\u2010Based Feature Distribution by Encoding Discrete Data for Classification","display_name":"Discover Class\u2010Based Feature Distribution by Encoding Discrete Data for Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410968704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/exsy.70288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72232612","display_name":"Expert Systems","issn_l":"0266-4720","issn":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiang Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology School of Computer Science"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2615-6356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology School of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627261","display_name":"Yuefeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuefeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland University of Technology School of Computer Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland University of Technology School of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065941595","display_name":"Xiaohui Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0020-077X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland - Springfield Campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland - Springfield Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012159374","display_name":"Jianming Yong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-1076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianming Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland - Springfield Campus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland - Springfield Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"apc_paid":{"value":3860,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3860},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00790015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8712999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8712999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.7366496920585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6690335273742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6095731854438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49558913707733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4722774922847748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4688229262828827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4644105136394501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39591145515441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25881287455558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.05059516429901123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7366496920585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6690335273742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6095731854438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49558913707733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4722774922847748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4688229262828827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4644105136394501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39591145515441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25881287455558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.05059516429901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/exsy.70288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72232612","display_name":"Expert Systems","issn_l":"0266-4720","issn":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.22541/au.174885157.77939980/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174885157.77939980/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.authorea.com/doi/pdf/10.22541/au.174885157.77939980/v1","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Authorea Inc.","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/exsy.70288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72232612","display_name":"Expert Systems","issn_l":"0266-4720","issn":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Expert Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6353738511","display_name":"Privacy Preservation over 5G and IoT Smart Devices","funder_award_id":"DP220101360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235381733","https://openalex.org/W2355022049","https://openalex.org/W2060429446","https://openalex.org/W2741782512","https://openalex.org/W3011302839","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2392958391","https://openalex.org/W3155227409","https://openalex.org/W2898682874","https://openalex.org/W2386709048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"The":[1,147,177,208],"self\u2010organisation":[2,24],"map":[3],"is":[4,44,66,87],"an":[5],"unsupervised":[6,70],"learning":[7,77],"technique":[8,48],"that":[9,49,212],"discovers":[10],"patterns":[11],"and":[12,53,58,72,120,163,170,183],"relationships":[13],"in":[14,220],"data":[15,39,46,85,96,111,155,222],"without":[16],"requiring":[17],"labelled":[18],"training":[19],"data.":[20,63],"Inspired":[21],"by":[22,115,132,157,166,202],"the":[23,124,134,138,171,193,213,217],"map,":[25],"Self\u2010Organised":[26],"Granular":[27,103,130],"encoding":[28,47],"has":[29,78],"been":[30,81],"shown":[31],"to":[32,55,108,153],"be":[33],"effective":[34],"for":[35,69,75,161],"generating":[36,121],"reliable":[37],"discrete":[38,62,84,95,110,154,175,181,199,203,221],"clustering":[40],"results":[41,210],"as":[42,192],"it":[43,65],"a":[45,93,150],"uses":[50],"fuzzy":[51,113,142],"sets":[52],"granularity":[54],"handle":[56],"uncertain":[57],"imprecise":[59],"information":[60],"within":[61],"However,":[64],"mainly":[67],"useful":[68],"learning,":[71],"its":[73],"feasibility":[74],"supervised":[76],"not":[79],"yet":[80],"studied.":[82],"Also,":[83],"classification":[86,97,156,162],"still":[88],"under\u2010researched.":[89],"This":[90,105],"paper":[91,148],"proposes":[92],"new":[94],"method":[98,106],"called":[99],"Transposed":[100,127],"Fuzzy":[101,128],"Class":[102,129],"classification.":[104,223],"aims":[107],"transform":[109],"into":[112],"partitions":[114,204],"considering":[116],"all":[117],"available":[118],"classes":[119],"representations":[122],"of":[123,140,174,205],"trained":[125],"class's":[126,143],"distribution":[131],"measuring":[133],"total":[135],"divergence":[136],"from":[137],"average":[139],"each":[141],"membership":[144],"degree":[145],"distribution.":[146],"introduces":[149],"novel":[151],"approach":[152],"adapting":[158],"class":[159],"granules":[160],"improving":[164],"performance":[165,186],"tackling":[167],"uncertainty,":[168],"ambiguity,":[169],"unique":[172],"characteristics":[173],"datasets.":[176,207],"study":[178],"examined":[179],"seven":[180],"datasets":[182,196],"compared":[184],"their":[185],"with":[187],"eight":[188],"commonly":[189],"used":[190],"classifiers":[191,219],"baseline.":[194],"These":[195],"were":[197],"naturally":[198],"or":[200],"created":[201],"real":[206],"experimental":[209],"demonstrate":[211],"proposed":[214],"classifier":[215],"outperforms":[216],"baseline":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}