{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787592726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12778","title":"The Relational SNARC: Spatial Representation of Nonsymbolic Ratios","display_name":"The Relational SNARC: Spatial Representation of Nonsymbolic Ratios","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787592726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12778","mag":"2787592726","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cogs.12778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12778","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cogs.12778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cogs.12778","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101610038","display_name":"Rui Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035945128","display_name":"Percival G. Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6265-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Percival G. Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020945271","display_name":"Elizabeth Y. Toomarian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2365-7553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Y. Toomarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101610038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":3810,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3810},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1706,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78934325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"8","first_page":"e12778","last_page":"e12778"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10130","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5878601670265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5875408053398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5811654329299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5232990384101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-cognition","display_name":"Numerical cognition","score":0.5153278708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.43213969469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3188263773918152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5878601670265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5875408053398132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5811654329299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5232990384101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45768438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337432","display_name":"Numerical cognition","level":3,"score":0.5153278708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.43213969469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3188263773918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008433","descriptor_name":"Mathematics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/cogs.12778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12778","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cogs.12778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31446660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt0g23p9pn","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g23p9pn","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, vol 38, iss 0","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cogs.12778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12778","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cogs.12778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78735424","display_name":"Cognitive Science","issn_l":"0364-0213","issn":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7499989864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1545481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7809816216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1256259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8111311418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1420211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2787592726.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2787592726.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1917589055","https://openalex.org/W1968152041","https://openalex.org/W1972568416","https://openalex.org/W1973019192","https://openalex.org/W1973502574","https://openalex.org/W1977164212","https://openalex.org/W1990260408","https://openalex.org/W2001569942","https://openalex.org/W2003953443","https://openalex.org/W2004248311","https://openalex.org/W2006510893","https://openalex.org/W2009586709","https://openalex.org/W2012130811","https://openalex.org/W2016831746","https://openalex.org/W2021499170","https://openalex.org/W2028906627","https://openalex.org/W2029654180","https://openalex.org/W2037211375","https://openalex.org/W2041251621","https://openalex.org/W2042343040","https://openalex.org/W2044608318","https://openalex.org/W2062214069","https://openalex.org/W2063252428","https://openalex.org/W2073713735","https://openalex.org/W2084222286","https://openalex.org/W2089301933","https://openalex.org/W2093806504","https://openalex.org/W2101471166","https://openalex.org/W2103038877","https://openalex.org/W2106119216","https://openalex.org/W2111540192","https://openalex.org/W2117374591","https://openalex.org/W2121271887","https://openalex.org/W2121822954","https://openalex.org/W2122849908","https://openalex.org/W2137532232","https://openalex.org/W2139954855","https://openalex.org/W2140219443","https://openalex.org/W2142915129","https://openalex.org/W2146066714","https://openalex.org/W2150303438","https://openalex.org/W2152633749","https://openalex.org/W2160277448","https://openalex.org/W2162846639","https://openalex.org/W2167958269","https://openalex.org/W2218110069","https://openalex.org/W2254692554","https://openalex.org/W2279239770","https://openalex.org/W2290311817","https://openalex.org/W2333080640","https://openalex.org/W2339764040","https://openalex.org/W2343531039","https://openalex.org/W2461696642","https://openalex.org/W2485549561","https://openalex.org/W2495672737","https://openalex.org/W2508528761","https://openalex.org/W2535957852","https://openalex.org/W2734762209","https://openalex.org/W2741268718","https://openalex.org/W2744918374","https://openalex.org/W2780337481","https://openalex.org/W2806765039","https://openalex.org/W2989691982","https://openalex.org/W3099411129","https://openalex.org/W4238828377","https://openalex.org/W4255401998","https://openalex.org/W4294214781","https://openalex.org/W6650655367","https://openalex.org/W6656723564","https://openalex.org/W6785403174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1981618449","https://openalex.org/W2373612973","https://openalex.org/W1995813262","https://openalex.org/W1783898788","https://openalex.org/W4239691505","https://openalex.org/W2085642841","https://openalex.org/W2056328765","https://openalex.org/W2319738066"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1,43,59],"in":[2,54,143],"numerical":[3,40,152],"cognition":[4],"has":[5],"begun":[6],"to":[7,17,28,50,61,126,151],"systematically":[8],"detail":[9],"the":[10,19,36,69,93,103,114,121],"ability":[11],"of":[12,21,38,71,116,123,134,139],"humans":[13],"and":[14,48,100,145],"nonhuman":[15],"animals":[16],"perceive":[18],"magnitudes":[20,70,99],"nonsymbolic":[22,72,97,107,117,127],"ratios.":[23],"These":[24,110],"relationally":[25],"defined":[26],"analogs":[27],"rational":[29],"numbers":[30,52,81],"offer":[31],"new":[32],"potential":[33,132],"insights":[34],"into":[35,44],"nature":[37,115],"human":[39,140],"processing.":[41,153],"However,":[42],"their":[45],"similarities":[46,65],"with":[47,76],"connections":[49],"symbolic":[51,80],"remains":[53],"its":[55],"infancy.":[56],"The":[57],"current":[58],"aims":[60],"further":[62,112],"explore":[63],"these":[64,135],"by":[66],"investigating":[67],"whether":[68],"ratios":[73],"are":[74],"associated":[75],"space":[77],"just":[78],"as":[79],"are.":[82],"In":[83],"two":[84],"experiments,":[85],"we":[86],"found":[87],"that":[88],"responses":[89],"were":[90],"faster":[91,101],"on":[92,102],"left":[94],"for":[95,105,137],"smaller":[96],"ratio":[98,108,118],"right":[104],"larger":[106],"magnitudes.":[109,129],"results":[111],"elucidate":[113],"processing,":[119],"extending":[120],"literature":[122],"spatial-numerical":[124],"associations":[125],"relative":[128],"We":[130],"discuss":[131],"implications":[133],"findings":[136],"theories":[138],"magnitude":[141],"processing":[142,149],"general":[144,148],"how":[146],"this":[147],"relates":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
