{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164336011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450","title":"How Do LLMs See Charts? A Comparative Study on High\u2010Level Visualization Comprehension in Humans and LLMs","display_name":"How Do LLMs See Charts? A Comparative Study on High\u2010Level Visualization Comprehension in Humans and LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164336011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110593495","display_name":"Hyun K. Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0030-6677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyotaek Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0030-6677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907560","display_name":"Hyunwook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","Soongsil University  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-7347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soongsil University  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030329460","display_name":"Minjeong Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-0433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["AU","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjeong Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian National University  Australia","Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-0433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian National University  Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120060687","display_name":"Tapendra Pandey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapendra Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oklahoma  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8641-6490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oklahoma  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006732360","display_name":"Joohee Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-2339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joohee Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-2339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133543386","display_name":"Shinwook Seon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinwook Seon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1942-4814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133498528","display_name":"Daeun Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2258-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daeun Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2258-9764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020791375","display_name":"Sungahn Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungahn Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-5652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)  Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032598257","display_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oklahoma  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oklahoma  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110593495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":{"value":3710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3710},"apc_paid":{"value":3710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3710},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68721577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.742900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bar-chart","display_name":"Bar chart","score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creative-visualization","display_name":"Creative visualization","score":0.32820001244544983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.742900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61122496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124595","display_name":"Bar chart","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14669888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4014850","display_name":"Creative visualization","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2473389590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00218913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3797771640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS\u20102024\u201000456247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321282","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W824467349","https://openalex.org/W1971781829","https://openalex.org/W1996290308","https://openalex.org/W2013894622","https://openalex.org/W2112179747","https://openalex.org/W2138199375","https://openalex.org/W2296018235","https://openalex.org/W2945191949","https://openalex.org/W2975808298","https://openalex.org/W3092008026","https://openalex.org/W3118071155","https://openalex.org/W3177037102","https://openalex.org/W3185482315","https://openalex.org/W3194580625","https://openalex.org/W4237375617","https://openalex.org/W4312107254","https://openalex.org/W4366548345","https://openalex.org/W4382498938","https://openalex.org/W4389989038","https://openalex.org/W4392026410","https://openalex.org/W4392223457","https://openalex.org/W4392405493","https://openalex.org/W4396817330","https://openalex.org/W4396832436","https://openalex.org/W4402401766","https://openalex.org/W4402581036","https://openalex.org/W4404371576","https://openalex.org/W4406949222","https://openalex.org/W4411270986","https://openalex.org/W4411628172","https://openalex.org/W4416429449","https://openalex.org/W4416513224","https://openalex.org/W4417201772"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Designers":[1],"often":[2],"create":[3],"visualizations":[4],"to":[5,17,64,104,129,197],"achieve":[6,187],"specific":[7],"high\u2010level":[8,44,132],"analytical":[9],"or":[10,67],"communication":[11],"goals.":[12],"These":[13],"goals":[14,92],"require":[15],"people":[16],"extract":[18],"complex":[19],"and":[20,40,93,112,127,180,200],"interconnected":[21],"data":[22,167],"patterns.":[23],"Prior":[24],"perceptual":[25],"studies":[26],"of":[27,46,52,84,116,121,178],"visualization":[28,58,188,204],"effectiveness":[29],"have":[30,41,99],"focused":[31],"on":[32],"low\u2010level":[33],"tasks,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36,57],"estimating":[37],"statistical":[38],"quantities,":[39],"recently":[42],"explored":[43],"comprehension":[45,83,189],"visualization.":[47],"Despite":[48],"the":[49,87,106,113,131],"growing":[50],"use":[51],"Large":[53],"Language":[54],"Models":[55],"(LLMs)":[56],"interpreters,":[59],"how":[60],"their":[61,72,95],"interpretations":[62],"relate":[63],"human":[65,109,194],"understanding":[66],"what":[68,94],"reasoning":[69,114],"processes":[70],"underlie":[71],"responses":[73],"remains":[74,153],"insufficiently":[75],"understood.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"work,":[79],"we":[80,159,184],"explore":[81],"LLMs'":[82],"visualization,":[85],"examining":[86],"alignment":[88],"between":[89,108],"designers'":[90],"communicative":[91],"audience":[96],"sees.":[97],"We":[98],"conducted":[100],"a":[101,148,175],"qualitative":[102],"study":[103],"investigate":[105],"gap":[107],"interpretative":[110,150],"strategies":[111],"pathways":[115],"LLMs":[117,136,146,172,186],"across":[118,155],"three":[119,138],"types":[120],"visualizations,":[122],"line":[123],"graphs,":[124,126],"bar":[125],"scatterplots,":[128],"identify":[130],"patterns":[133],"generated":[134],"by":[135],"using":[137],"prompt":[139,156],"conditions.":[140],"Our":[141],"analysis":[142],"results":[143],"indicate":[144],"that":[145,152],"exhibit":[147],"consistent":[149],"strategy":[151],"unchanged":[154],"constraints.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"observe":[160],"two":[161],"distinct":[162,192],"approaches:":[163],"humans":[164],"naturally":[165],"synthesize":[166],"into":[168],"trend\u2010centric":[169],"narratives,":[170],"whereas":[171],"persist":[173],"with":[174],"structural":[176],"enumeration":[177],"comparisons":[179],"numerical":[181],"ranges.":[182],"Lastly,":[183],"see":[185],"through":[190],"mechanisms":[191],"from":[193],"intuition,":[195],"pointing":[196],"critical":[198],"challenges":[199],"new":[201],"opportunities":[202],"for":[203],"design.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-06-12T00:00:00"}
