{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163591327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435","title":"Designing Annotations in Visualization: Considerations from Visualization Practitioners and Educators","display_name":"Designing Annotations in Visualization: Considerations from Visualization Practitioners and Educators","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163591327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137859158","display_name":"Md Dilshadur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5467-615X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Dilshadur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5467-615X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001935193","display_name":"Devin Lange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devin Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-0294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032598257","display_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Jilani Quadri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oklahoma  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-5048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oklahoma  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137883195","display_name":"Paul Rosen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-9518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Rosen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah  USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-9518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3710},"apc_paid":{"value":3710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3710},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71521454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.6341999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.6341999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.052400000393390656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.769599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7372999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.7263000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situated","display_name":"Situated","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tacit-knowledge","display_name":"Tacit knowledge","score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.3880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.769599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7372999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7263000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779561248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743861","display_name":"Tacit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780182762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630279","display_name":"Guideline","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185578843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10609775","display_name":"Information visualization","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125468537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214961","display_name":"Improvisation","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993048729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220821","display_name":"Visual methods","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/cgf.70435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.70435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W884650706","https://openalex.org/W1530372876","https://openalex.org/W1633631835","https://openalex.org/W1677681477","https://openalex.org/W1952173784","https://openalex.org/W1970569592","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1980209219","https://openalex.org/W1988061708","https://openalex.org/W2008768047","https://openalex.org/W2019661281","https://openalex.org/W2042661054","https://openalex.org/W2043498719","https://openalex.org/W2054054049","https://openalex.org/W2054901814","https://openalex.org/W2068562326","https://openalex.org/W2073800769","https://openalex.org/W2081617138","https://openalex.org/W2085028749","https://openalex.org/W2091416594","https://openalex.org/W2108982845","https://openalex.org/W2109104042","https://openalex.org/W2114566476","https://openalex.org/W2129660502","https://openalex.org/W2135415614","https://openalex.org/W2138664283","https://openalex.org/W2147539779","https://openalex.org/W2154058461","https://openalex.org/W2157900633","https://openalex.org/W2305278139","https://openalex.org/W2311932824","https://openalex.org/W2312346956","https://openalex.org/W2512402302","https://openalex.org/W2513780624","https://openalex.org/W2596412070","https://openalex.org/W2626677187","https://openalex.org/W2753766497","https://openalex.org/W2763766763","https://openalex.org/W2789066399","https://openalex.org/W2795622273","https://openalex.org/W2888571777","https://openalex.org/W2893833297","https://openalex.org/W2904955348","https://openalex.org/W2912360407","https://openalex.org/W2940562782","https://openalex.org/W2945433338","https://openalex.org/W2945888829","https://openalex.org/W2948959398","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2952342347","https://openalex.org/W2964005892","https://openalex.org/W2969940513","https://openalex.org/W3026065740","https://openalex.org/W3029785311","https://openalex.org/W3048560297","https://openalex.org/W3080762231","https://openalex.org/W3121499663","https://openalex.org/W3127628458","https://openalex.org/W3128073725","https://openalex.org/W3139281922","https://openalex.org/W3145314891","https://openalex.org/W3151989094","https://openalex.org/W3190752453","https://openalex.org/W3204423130","https://openalex.org/W3215526210","https://openalex.org/W4220714728","https://openalex.org/W4221038555","https://openalex.org/W4225009239","https://openalex.org/W4225099728","https://openalex.org/W4241464738","https://openalex.org/W4242688381","https://openalex.org/W4249146457","https://openalex.org/W4291138602","https://openalex.org/W4293258648","https://openalex.org/W4296938090","https://openalex.org/W4301931871","https://openalex.org/W4304479239","https://openalex.org/W4319165451","https://openalex.org/W4366549575","https://openalex.org/W4366550890","https://openalex.org/W4386330774","https://openalex.org/W4387934861","https://openalex.org/W4388469749","https://openalex.org/W4389252523","https://openalex.org/W4389988668","https://openalex.org/W4402335616","https://openalex.org/W4402351084","https://openalex.org/W4403346552","https://openalex.org/W4409746630","https://openalex.org/W4413359692","https://openalex.org/W4416513211","https://openalex.org/W4416513316","https://openalex.org/W7117545587","https://openalex.org/W7117626657"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Annotation":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,57,99,139],"central":[4],"mechanism":[5],"in":[6,46,106],"visualization":[7,81],"design":[8,104,140],"that":[9,116],"enables":[10],"people":[11],"to":[12,34,144],"communicate":[13],"key":[14],"insights.":[15],"Prior":[16],"research":[17],"has":[18,31],"provided":[19],"essential":[20],"accounts":[21],"of":[22,90,102,120,136],"the":[23,35,69,110,118],"visual":[24],"forms":[25],"annotations":[26,43],"take,":[27],"but":[28],"less":[29],"attention":[30],"been":[32],"paid":[33],"decisions":[36],"behind":[37],"them.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"examines":[41],"how":[42,49],"are":[44],"designed":[45],"practice":[47],"and":[48,77,93,113,142,149],"educators":[50,82],"reflect":[51],"on":[52,73],"those":[53],"practices.":[54],"We":[55],"conducted":[56],"two\u2010phase":[58],"qualitative":[59],"study:":[60],"interviews":[61,78],"with":[62,79],"ten":[63],"practitioners":[64],"from":[65],"diverse":[66],"backgrounds":[67],"revealed":[68],"heuristics":[70],"they":[71],"draw":[72],"when":[74],"creating":[75],"annotations,":[76],"seven":[80],"offered":[83],"complementary":[84],"perspectives":[85],"situated":[86],"within":[87],"broader":[88],"concerns":[89],"clarity,":[91],"guidance,":[92],"viewer":[94],"agency.":[95],"These":[96],"studies":[97],"provide":[98],"systematic":[100],"account":[101],"annotation":[103,137],"knowledge":[105],"professional":[107],"settings,":[108],"highlighting":[109],"considerations,":[111],"trade\u2010offs,":[112],"contextual":[114],"judgments":[115],"shape":[117],"use":[119],"annotations.":[121],"By":[122],"making":[123],"this":[124],"tacit":[125],"expertise":[126],"explicit,":[127],"our":[128],"work":[129],"complements":[130],"prior":[131],"form\u2010focused":[132],"studies,":[133],"strengthens":[134],"understanding":[135],"as":[138],"activity,":[141],"points":[143],"opportunities":[145],"for":[146],"improved":[147],"tool":[148],"guideline":[150],"support.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T06:25:20.927185","created_date":"2026-06-05T00:00:00"}
