{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016270983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","title":"Modeling of Skylight and Rendering of Outdoor Scenes","display_name":"Modeling of Skylight and Rendering of Outdoor Scenes","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016270983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","mag":"2016270983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109256183","display_name":"Katsumi Tadamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122146667","display_name":"Prefectural University of Hiroshima","ror":"https://ror.org/0059h1f24","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122146667"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsumi Tadamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020: Hiroshima Prefectural University, 562 Nanatsuka, Shoubara, 727, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020: Hiroshima Prefectural University, 562 Nanatsuka, Shoubara, 727, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122146667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017178896","display_name":"Eihachiro Nakamae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122146667","display_name":"Prefectural University of Hiroshima","ror":"https://ror.org/0059h1f24","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122146667"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eihachiro Nakamae","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020: Hiroshima Prefectural University, 562 Nanatsuka, Shoubara, 727, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020: Hiroshima Prefectural University, 562 Nanatsuka, Shoubara, 727, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122146667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073559104","display_name":"Kazufumi Kaneda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-1826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazufumi Kaneda","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112282513","display_name":"Masashi Baba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masashi Baba","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020001669","display_name":"Hideo Yamashita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideo Yamashita","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020\u2020: Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 724, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hiroshima University, 1\u20104\u20101 Kagamiyama, Higashi\u2010hiroshima, 724 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066309452","display_name":"Tomoyuki Nishita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41661162","display_name":"Fukuyama University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mrjbj15","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41661162"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoyuki Nishita","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2021: Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama, 72 9- 02, Japan","\u2021: Fukuyama University, Higashimura\u2010cho, Fukuyama, 72 9\u2010 02, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021: Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Fukuyama, 72 9- 02, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41661162"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021: Fukuyama University, Higashimura\u2010cho, Fukuyama, 72 9\u2010 02, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41661162"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3710},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.328,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86520866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"189","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.9552000164985657,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skylight","display_name":"Skylight","score":0.9939084649085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6436296701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6311066150665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.5589404702186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illuminance","display_name":"Illuminance","score":0.5419853329658508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5120466351509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47620972990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.4694148004055023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.46852418780326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.4646878242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.46029433608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4445911645889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40828806161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31693410873413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2197144627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13150149583816528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780574069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712955","display_name":"Skylight","level":2,"score":0.9939084649085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6436296701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6311066150665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5589404702186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36365805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194411","display_name":"Illuminance","level":2,"score":0.5419853329658508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5120466351509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47620972990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.4694148004055023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.46852418780326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.4646878242492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.46029433608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4445911645889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40828806161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31693410873413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2197144627571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13150149583816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.1230189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67831204","display_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","issn_l":"0167-7055","issn":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Graphics Forum","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050667992","https://openalex.org/W4304161079","https://openalex.org/W2084931714","https://openalex.org/W1985874240","https://openalex.org/W277308029","https://openalex.org/W3115533530","https://openalex.org/W3145022927","https://openalex.org/W2985478174","https://openalex.org/W4385893476","https://openalex.org/W2158669784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Photorealistic":[1],"animated":[2],"images":[3,84],"are":[4],"extremely":[5],"effective":[6],"for":[7,46,91,117],"pre\u2010evaluating":[8],"visual":[9],"impact":[10],"of":[11,16,42,58,62,89,94,110,120,132,154],"city":[12],"renewal":[13],"and":[14,64,82,100,125],"construction":[15],"tall":[17],"buildings.":[18],"In":[19],"order":[20],"to":[21,67,123,151],"generate":[22,152],"a":[23,40,107,128],"photorealistic":[24,47],"image":[25,44],"not":[26],"only":[27],"the":[28,52,70,95,113,133],"direct":[29],"sunlight":[30],"but":[31],"also":[32],"skylight":[33,59,77,90,114,134],"must":[34],"be":[35,98,149],"considered.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"proposes":[39],"method":[41],"high\u2010fidelity":[43],"generation":[45],"outdoor":[48],"scenes":[49],"based":[50],"on":[51],"following":[53],"ideas:":[54],"The":[55],"intensity":[56,111],"distribution":[57,88,109],"taking":[60,136],"account":[61,138],"scattering":[63],"absorption":[65],"due":[66,122],"particles":[68],"in":[69],"atmosphere":[71],"which":[72],"coincides":[73],"with":[74,106,143],"CIE":[75],"standard":[76],"luminance":[78],"functions":[79],"is":[80,115,141],"sought,":[81],"realistic":[83],"considering":[85],"about":[86],"spectrum":[87],"any":[92],"altitude":[93],"sun":[96],"can":[97,148],"easily":[99],"accurately":[101],"displayed.":[102],"A":[103],"rectangular":[104],"parallelepiped":[105],"specialized":[108],"simulating":[112],"introduced":[116],"efficient":[118],"calculation":[119,131,162],"illumination":[121],"skylight,":[124],"by":[126],"employing":[127],"graphics":[129],"hardware":[130],"illuminance":[135],"into":[137],"shadow":[139],"effects":[140],"obtained":[142],"high":[144],"efficiency;":[145],"these":[146],"techniques":[147],"used":[150],"sequences":[153],"images,":[155],"making":[156],"animations":[157],"possible":[158],"at":[159],"far":[160],"lower":[161],"cost":[163],"than":[164],"previous":[165],"methods.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
