{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213455294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524","title":"CYBER (RE-)INSURANCE POLICY WRITING IS NP-HARD IN IOT SOCIETIES","display_name":"CYBER (RE-)INSURANCE POLICY WRITING IS NP-HARD IN IOT SOCIETIES","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213455294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607949","display_name":"2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101533401","display_name":"Ranjan Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-4606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ranjan Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019710054","display_name":"Taoan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taoan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002521073","display_name":"Peihan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-1517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peihan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA,48109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017326336","display_name":"Xinlong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-4650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinlong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30332"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30332","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101533401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5672,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66226664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwriting","display_name":"Underwriting","score":0.9307571053504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-underwriting","display_name":"Medical underwriting","score":0.6504722237586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-asymmetry","display_name":"Information asymmetry","score":0.5782037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5703383684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.554077684879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5174649357795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance-policy","display_name":"Insurance policy","score":0.5160326957702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/externality","display_name":"Externality","score":0.502166748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.493840754032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.4694634974002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44448259472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.43374231457710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2675066590309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.26339566707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-insurance","display_name":"General insurance","score":0.26155412197113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.19546103477478027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26503482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898080","display_name":"Underwriting","level":2,"score":0.9307571053504944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157763539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806621","display_name":"Medical underwriting","level":5,"score":0.6504722237586975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137577040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431965","display_name":"Information asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.5782037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5703383684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.554077684879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5174649357795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68799949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977871","display_name":"Insurance policy","level":2,"score":0.5160326957702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.502166748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.493840754032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.4694634974002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44448259472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43374231457710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2675066590309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.26339566707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14293393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663825","display_name":"General insurance","level":3,"score":0.26155412197113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.19546103477478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101615574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17055997","display_name":"Income protection insurance","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607949","display_name":"2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6520757208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1616575,CNS-1939006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6662724766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AROW911NF1810208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516366611","https://openalex.org/W1749918841","https://openalex.org/W1972544775","https://openalex.org/W1972913305","https://openalex.org/W2029598260","https://openalex.org/W2030365814","https://openalex.org/W2074035703","https://openalex.org/W2089020037","https://openalex.org/W2091602684","https://openalex.org/W2112470886","https://openalex.org/W2129881428","https://openalex.org/W2150966142","https://openalex.org/W2165913973","https://openalex.org/W2172029077","https://openalex.org/W2572695540","https://openalex.org/W2792317444","https://openalex.org/W2793107022","https://openalex.org/W2889235759","https://openalex.org/W2981989633","https://openalex.org/W3022786120","https://openalex.org/W3043043583","https://openalex.org/W3109884150","https://openalex.org/W3121609486","https://openalex.org/W3148193891","https://openalex.org/W3164105561","https://openalex.org/W4235169552","https://openalex.org/W6631017487","https://openalex.org/W6769636146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321640521","https://openalex.org/W2285272889","https://openalex.org/W2366048274","https://openalex.org/W2147308701","https://openalex.org/W3118742430","https://openalex.org/W191733520","https://openalex.org/W4324125549","https://openalex.org/W2418595445","https://openalex.org/W1964477842","https://openalex.org/W2416639104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"last":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3],"witnessed":[4],"steadily":[5],"growing":[6],"markets":[7,103],"for":[8,37],"cyber":[9,25,54,101],"(re-)insurance":[10],"products":[11],"to":[12],"mitigate":[13],"residual":[14],"cyber-risk.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"introductory":[18],"effort,":[19],"we":[20,105,137],"prove":[21],"that":[22,104,139],"underwriting":[23,143],"simple":[24],"re-insurance":[26,55,88,102],"policies":[27],"can":[28],"be":[29,108,122],"worst":[30,64],"case":[31,65],"computationally":[32],"hard,":[33],"i.e.,":[34],"NP-Hard,":[35],"especially":[36],"upcoming":[38],"IoT":[39,113,145],"societies.":[40],"More":[41],"specifically,":[42],"let":[43],"alone":[44],"human":[45],"underwriters,":[46],"even":[47],"a":[48,58,70,87,91,109,131],"computer":[49],"cannot":[50],"compute":[51],"an":[52],"optimal":[53,140],"policy":[56],"in":[57,63,111,144],"reasonable":[59],"amount":[60],"of":[61,69,78,100,134],"time":[62],"scenarios.":[66],"Here,":[67],"optimality":[68],"contract":[71],"is":[72,147],"judged":[73],"based":[74],"on":[75],"the":[76,98,112],"extent":[77],"information":[79],"asymmetry":[80],"induced":[81],"negative":[82],"externalities":[83],"it":[84],"mitigates":[85],"between":[86],"seller":[89],"and":[90,124],"buyer.":[92],"Our":[93],"result":[94],"does":[95],"not":[96],"challenge":[97],"existence":[99],"feel":[106],"will":[107],"necessity":[110],"age,":[114],"but":[115],"only":[116],"rationalizes":[117],"why":[118],"their":[119],"growth":[120],"might":[121],"slow,":[123],"would":[125],"subsequently":[126],"need":[127],"regulatory":[128],"intervention.":[129],"As":[130],"direct":[132],"applicability":[133],"our":[135],"methodology,":[136],"argue":[138],"traditional":[141],"cyber-insurance":[142],"societies":[146],"also":[148],"NP-Hard.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
