{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133233247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715","title":"Golf Swing Classification Using FMCW Radar from Varying Angles of Observation","display_name":"Golf Swing Classification Using FMCW Radar from Varying Angles of Observation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133233247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNeT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119647330","display_name":"Anjali Sharma-Tiwari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anjali Sharma-Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081539637","display_name":"Christopher Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127867159","display_name":"Changzhi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119647330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89216961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12677","display_name":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","score":0.8885999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12677","display_name":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","score":0.8885999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swing","display_name":"Swing","score":0.9172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.8238000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-systems","display_name":"Radar systems","score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.42719998955726624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65655974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14867674","display_name":"Swing","level":2,"score":0.9172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.8238000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5997999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41429999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wisnet69500.2026.11408715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNeT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4741349518299103,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2746918093","https://openalex.org/W2793385672","https://openalex.org/W3114747184","https://openalex.org/W4378176591","https://openalex.org/W4388207148","https://openalex.org/W4388228562","https://openalex.org/W4399282461"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"analysis":[1],"of":[2,30,49],"a":[3,32,46,78,120],"golfer's":[4],"swing":[5,65,112],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"for":[8,40,100,123],"performance":[9],"and":[10,60,72,86,103,114],"injury":[11],"prevention,":[12],"but":[13],"existing":[14],"tools":[15],"are":[16],"often":[17],"invasive,":[18],"costly,":[19],"or":[20],"suffer":[21],"from":[22],"practical":[23],"limitations.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"demonstrates":[27],"the":[28,64,69,82,88],"viability":[29],"using":[31],"noninvasive,":[33],"60":[34],"GHz":[35],"frequency-modulated":[36],"continuous-wave":[37],"(FMCW)":[38],"radar":[39,53],"classifying":[41],"golf":[42],"swings.":[43],"We":[44],"conducted":[45],"systematic":[47],"evaluation":[48],"sensor":[50],"placement,":[51],"comparing":[52],"orientations":[54],"at":[55],"<tex":[56],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[57],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$0^{\\circ},":[58],"45^{\\circ}$</tex>,":[59],"90\u00b0":[61],"relative":[62],"to":[63],"plane.":[66],"By":[67],"analyzing":[68],"time-Doppler":[70],"spectrograms":[71],"range":[73],"profiles,":[74],"we":[75,95],"determined":[76],"that":[77,129],"45\u00b0":[79],"angle":[80],"provides":[81],"optimal":[83],"signal":[84],"strength":[85],"captures":[87],"richest":[89],"motion":[90],"data.":[91],"Using":[92],"this":[93],"configuration,":[94],"identified":[96],"distinct":[97],"spectrogram":[98],"signatures":[99],"correct":[101],"swings":[102],"common":[104],"fundamental":[105],"faults,":[106],"including":[107],"poor":[108],"hip/shoulder":[109],"rotation,":[110],"extreme":[111],"paths,":[113],"early":[115],"extension.":[116],"These":[117],"findings":[118],"establish":[119],"methodological":[121],"foundation":[122],"developing":[124],"cost-effective,":[125],"real-time":[126],"feedback":[127],"systems":[128],"can":[130],"help":[131],"golfers":[132],"improve":[133],"their":[134],"technique":[135],"without":[136],"intrusive":[137],"sensors.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T07:04:00.330322","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}