{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117780691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353","title":"Towards Proactive Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: Behavioral Advanced Persistent Threat Detection via Adversarial and Autoencoder Architectures","display_name":"Towards Proactive Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: Behavioral Advanced Persistent Threat Detection via Adversarial and Autoencoder Architectures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117780691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117467306","display_name":"Lahcen Hassine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75880681","display_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye8vh67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lahcen Hassine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017987903","display_name":"Yassine Loukili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-4811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yassine Loukili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University,Laboratory for Research in Science and Engineering,Fez,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University,Laboratory for Research in Science and Engineering,Fez,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093251139","display_name":"Hasna Chaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3051-2379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52066220","display_name":"Instituto Superior da Maia","ror":"https://ror.org/04f761z39","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasna Chaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Moulay Ismail University,Faculty of Science and Technology,GL-ISI Team, Department of Computer Sciences,Errachidia,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moulay Ismail University,Faculty of Science and Technology,GL-ISI Team, Department of Computer Sciences,Errachidia,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52066220"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061493500","display_name":"Younes Ledmaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-6470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75880681","display_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye8vh67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Younes Ledmaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064506479","display_name":"Rachid Saadane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75880681","display_name":"Hassania School of Public Works","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye8vh67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Saadane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP),Laboratory Engineering System (LaGeS), SIRC team,Casablanca,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75880681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120926192","display_name":"Abdellah Chehri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Chehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Military College of Canada (RMC),Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department,Kingston,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Military College of Canada (RMC),Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department,Kingston,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8084,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.880715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6942999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.37610000371932983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6942999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.680400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.642300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wincom65874.2025.11313353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6123209595680237}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014887427","https://openalex.org/W3081145649","https://openalex.org/W3093931417","https://openalex.org/W4290996178","https://openalex.org/W4303981211","https://openalex.org/W4378628059","https://openalex.org/W4380987977","https://openalex.org/W4385834298","https://openalex.org/W4387140220","https://openalex.org/W4389946457","https://openalex.org/W4394952544","https://openalex.org/W4405965505","https://openalex.org/W4406894544","https://openalex.org/W4409974568","https://openalex.org/W4410341203","https://openalex.org/W4410512918","https://openalex.org/W4412453539","https://openalex.org/W4414333426"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"grids":[1],"are":[2,91],"confronted":[3],"with":[4,18,112],"growing":[5],"cybersecurity":[6],"threats":[7],"by":[8],"Advanced":[9],"Persistent":[10],"Threats":[11],"(APTs)":[12],"targeting":[13],"vulnerabilities":[14],"of":[15,55,77],"cyber-physical":[16],"systems":[17],"stealthy,":[19],"multi-stage":[20],"attacks.":[21],"Conventional":[22],"signature-based":[23],"rule-driven":[24],"detection":[25,38,53],"mechanisms":[26],"cannot":[27],"detect":[28],"these":[29],"advanced":[30],"threats.":[31],"This":[32,116],"paper":[33],"presents":[34],"an":[35,72],"active":[36],"behavior":[37,49],"system":[39],"using":[40],"Generative":[41],"Adversarial":[42],"Networks":[43],"and":[44,51,70,85,98,130],"Autoencoders":[45],"for":[46,94,101,122],"benign":[47],"network":[48],"modeling":[50],"anomaly":[52,102],"characteristic":[54],"APTs.":[56],"Tested":[57],"on":[58],"actual":[59],"smart":[60],"grid":[61],"data,":[62],"our":[63],"hybrid":[64],"solution":[65],"is":[66],"96.5":[67],"%":[68],"accurate":[69],"has":[71],"<tex":[73,78],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[74,79],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\text{F":[75],"1}$</tex>-score":[76],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\text{96.59":[80],"\\%}$</tex>,":[81],"surpassing":[82],"baseline":[83],"MLPs":[84],"state-of-the-art":[86],"techniques.":[87],"The":[88],"main":[89],"innovations":[90],"adversarial":[92],"training":[93],"generating":[95],"attack":[96],"patterns":[97],"Autoencoder":[99],"reconstruction":[100],"detection.":[103],"Experiments":[104],"show":[105],"the":[106,126],"framework's":[107],"robustness":[108],"to":[109],"stealthy":[110],"APTs":[111],"few":[113],"false":[114],"positives.":[115],"research":[117],"propels":[118],"adaptive":[119],"defense":[120],"technologies":[121],"critical":[123],"infrastructure,":[124],"bridging":[125],"gaps":[127],"in":[128],"scalability":[129],"dynamic":[131],"threat":[132],"modeling.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-31T00:00:00"}
