{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004382430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","title":"Analysis of Gender Inequality In Face Recognition Accuracy","display_name":"Analysis of Gender Inequality In Face Recognition Accuracy","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004382430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","mag":"3004382430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.00065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061227377","display_name":"V\u00edtor Albiero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-9914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vitor Albiero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052919366","display_name":"K. S. Krishnapriya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106959904","display_name":"Florida Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04atsbb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.S. Krishnapriya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014235401","display_name":"Kushal Vangara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106959904","display_name":"Florida Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04atsbb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kushal Vangara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100323983","display_name":"Kai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6319-3722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102881017","display_name":"Michael C. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3201-416X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106959904","display_name":"Florida Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04atsbb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael C. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106959904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019673624","display_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Bowyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame\u2003Notre Dame, Indiana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061227377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7859,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73482556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.7030947208404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forehead","display_name":"Forehead","score":0.6354705691337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6107786297798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5917423367500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.49917149543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4855189323425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43499141931533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.43147003650665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4183866083621979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.39237186312675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37397563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3685634732246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09183603525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06565976142883301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.7030947208404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780446394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41055","display_name":"Forehead","level":2,"score":0.6354705691337585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6107786297798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5917423367500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49917149543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4855189323425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43499141931533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43147003650665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4183866083621979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39237186312675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37397563457489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3685634732246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09183603525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06565976142883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/wacvw50321.2020.9096947","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.00065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00065","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.00065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3004382430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.00065.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.00065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2002.00065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.00065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00065","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.00065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004382430.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3004382430.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976633266","https://openalex.org/W1976700763","https://openalex.org/W1978642336","https://openalex.org/W2012411608","https://openalex.org/W2035830871","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2137385871","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2142174459","https://openalex.org/W2186170585","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2735553491","https://openalex.org/W2886934227","https://openalex.org/W2889800473","https://openalex.org/W2912376035","https://openalex.org/W2943235166","https://openalex.org/W2949386440","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2969069666","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W3010400237","https://openalex.org/W3034521057","https://openalex.org/W4233204037","https://openalex.org/W6644468193","https://openalex.org/W6686757273","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6726453277","https://openalex.org/W6754123467","https://openalex.org/W6761354291","https://openalex.org/W6761937618","https://openalex.org/W6766854334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021840842","https://openalex.org/W2232856989","https://openalex.org/W2112530785","https://openalex.org/W2902100892","https://openalex.org/W1568280016","https://openalex.org/W2547937192","https://openalex.org/W3192142985","https://openalex.org/W2314912754","https://openalex.org/W2076257896","https://openalex.org/W2982273890","https://openalex.org/W223511609","https://openalex.org/W2004101552","https://openalex.org/W2364837642","https://openalex.org/W175503314","https://openalex.org/W2467550582","https://openalex.org/W2917186997","https://openalex.org/W49240484","https://openalex.org/W3008720032","https://openalex.org/W2305609806","https://openalex.org/W1786249635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,56,84,141],"present":[1],"a":[2,36,50,180],"comprehensive":[3],"analysis":[4],"of":[5,61,78,89],"how":[6],"and":[7,15,42,64,81,196,199],"why":[8],"face":[9],"recognition":[10],"accuracy":[11,20,99,111,138,175],"differs":[12],"between":[13,94,194],"men":[14],"women.":[16],"show":[18,57,85,142,172],"that":[19,58,86,97,143,159,173],"is":[21,74,185],"lower":[22,53],"for":[23,33,47,67,102,115],"women":[24,34,48,68],"due":[25],"to":[26,121],"the":[27,30,44,62,87,98,135,144,160,167,174],"combination":[28],"of(1)":[29],"impostor":[31,63,162],"distribution":[32,46,88,147,163],"having":[35,49],"skew":[37,51],"toward":[38,52],"higher":[39],"similarity":[40,54],"scores,":[41],"(2)":[43],"genuine":[45,65,146],"scores.":[55],"this":[59],"phenomenon":[60],"distributions":[66],"shifting":[69],"closer":[70],"towards":[71],"each":[72],"other":[73],"general":[75],"across":[76],"datasets":[77],"African-American,":[79],"Caucasian,":[80],"Asian":[82],"faces.":[83],"facial":[90,154],"expressions":[91],"may":[92],"differ":[93],"male/female,":[95],"but":[96,158],"difference":[100,112,139,176],"persists":[101,114,177],"image":[103,116],"subsets":[104,117],"rated":[105,118],"confidently":[106],"as":[107,119],"neutral":[108],"expression.":[109],"The":[110],"also":[113,164],"close":[120],"zero":[122],"pitch":[123],"angle.":[124],"Even":[125],"when":[126,149],"removing":[127],"images":[128,152,198],"with":[129],"forehead":[130],"partially":[131],"occluded":[132],"by":[133],"hair/hat,":[134],"same":[136,168],"impostor/genuine":[137],"persists.":[140],"female":[145,151,161,197],"improves":[148],"only":[150],"without":[153],"cosmetics":[155],"are":[156],"used,":[157],"degrades":[165],"at":[166],"time.":[169],"Lastly,":[170],"we":[171],"even":[178],"if":[179],"state-of-the-art":[181],"deep":[182],"learning":[183],"method":[184],"trained":[186],"from":[187],"scratch":[188],"using":[189],"training":[190],"data":[191],"explicitly":[192],"balanced":[193],"male":[195],"subjects.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
