{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417284261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3641043","title":"Radio Over Fiber With Cascaded Structure: Algorithm for Uplink Positioning","display_name":"Radio Over Fiber With Cascaded Structure: Algorithm for Uplink Positioning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417284261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3641043"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3641043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3641043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dexin Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2489-2873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dexin Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2489-2873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088232983","display_name":"Diana Pamela Moya Osorio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-9646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Pamela Moya Osorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-9646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043552696","display_name":"Erik G. Larsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik G. Larsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-4367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University,, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33668825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"9000","last_page":"9014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.7303000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.7303000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.21739999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-over-fiber","display_name":"Radio over fiber","score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4101000130176544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7297000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780113332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16045086","display_name":"Radio over fiber","level":3,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203165030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741745","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988879021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273623","display_name":"Radio channel","level":3,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123614077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364905","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3641043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2025.3641043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F1565793694","display_name":"Excellence Center at Link\u00f6ping \u2013 Lund in Information Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039793888","https://openalex.org/W2047661604","https://openalex.org/W2162175224","https://openalex.org/W2290955686","https://openalex.org/W2537197295","https://openalex.org/W2805022829","https://openalex.org/W2921466771","https://openalex.org/W2941941125","https://openalex.org/W2963391296","https://openalex.org/W3191433431","https://openalex.org/W3201926265","https://openalex.org/W3211968317","https://openalex.org/W3215095157","https://openalex.org/W4205501410","https://openalex.org/W4285395184","https://openalex.org/W4317932616","https://openalex.org/W4322716251","https://openalex.org/W4385269926","https://openalex.org/W4387869569","https://openalex.org/W4392175553","https://openalex.org/W4395678831","https://openalex.org/W4396753526","https://openalex.org/W4401808699","https://openalex.org/W4403183518","https://openalex.org/W4410583521","https://openalex.org/W4417201761"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,47,54,185],"polymer":[3],"microwave":[4],"fiber":[5],"(PMF)":[6],"technology":[7],"have":[8],"created":[9],"significant":[10],"opportunities":[11,64,181],"for":[12,148,182,198],"robust,":[13],"low-cost,":[14],"and":[15,42,76,86,95,101,169],"high-speed":[16],"sub-terahertz":[17],"(THz)":[18],"radio-over-fiber":[19,30],"communications.":[20],"Recognizing":[21],"these":[22],"potential":[23],"benefits,":[24],"this":[25,174],"paper":[26],"explores":[27],"a":[28,43,60],"novel":[29],"(RoF)":[31],"structure":[32,58,176],"that":[33,155,170],"interconnects":[34],"multiple":[35],"radio":[36],"units":[37,40],"(RUs),":[38],"booster":[39],"(BUs),":[41],"central":[44],"unit":[45],"(CU)":[46],"cascade":[48],"via":[49],"fiber,":[50],"envisioning":[51],"its":[52],"application":[53],"indoor":[55,186],"scenarios.":[56,187],"This":[57],"creates":[59],"number":[61],"of":[62,124,137,145,166,173],"research":[63],"when":[65],"considering":[66],"cascaded":[67,164],"distortion":[68],"effects":[69,165],"introduced":[70],"by":[71],"non-linear":[72,87,167],"power":[73],"amplifiers":[74],"(PAs)":[75],"the":[77,81,92,96,99,102,107,114,118,122,129,135,138,143,146,156,163,171,189],"propagation":[78,115],"channel":[79],"over":[80],"fiber.":[82],"We":[83],"propose":[84],"maximum-likelihood":[85],"least-squares":[88],"algorithms":[89],"to":[90,112,133],"estimate":[91],"entry":[93,108],"RU":[94,109],"time-of-arrival":[97],"between":[98],"RoF":[100,119,175],"user":[103],"equipment,":[104],"where":[105],"estimating":[106,113],"is":[110],"equivalent":[111],"distance":[116],"along":[117],"stripe.":[120],"For":[121],"case":[123],"linear":[125],"PAs,":[126,168],"we":[127,141,192],"derive":[128],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[130],"lower":[131],"bound":[132],"benchmark":[134],"performance":[136],"estimators.":[139],"Finally,":[140],"investigate":[142],"use":[144,194],"system":[147],"uplink":[149],"positioning.":[150],"Our":[151],"simulation":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"proposed":[157],"estimators":[158],"perform":[159],"satisfactorily":[160],"even":[161],"with":[162],"deployment":[172],"can":[177],"enable":[178],"new":[179],"cost-effective":[180],"high-resolution":[183],"positioning":[184],"In":[188],"numerical":[190],"evaluation,":[191],"also":[193],"measured":[195],"PMF":[196],"characteristics":[197],"high-density":[199],"polyethylene":[200],"fibers.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}
