{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286375442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3190512","title":"Hierarchical Federated Learning With Quantization: Convergence Analysis and System Design","display_name":"Hierarchical Federated Learning With Quantization: Convergence Analysis and System Design","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286375442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3190512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3190512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3190512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009944050","display_name":"Lumin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8878-8901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lumin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8878-8901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433167","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025467937","display_name":"Shenghui Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-8415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenghui Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6316-8415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052203","display_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled B. Letaief","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.9265,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99382065,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8475118279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6496689319610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6457059383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5897468328475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5372040271759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.53199702501297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.4553558826446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4384348392486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.43656596541404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.42131975293159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37894243001937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33715495467185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25260528922080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2489660084247589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23203253746032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08569425344467163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8475118279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6496689319610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6457059383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5897468328475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5372040271759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.53199702501297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.4553558826446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4384348392486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.43656596541404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.42131975293159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37894243001937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33715495467185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25260528922080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2489660084247589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23203253746032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08569425344467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3190512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2022.3190512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63459445","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","issn_l":"1536-1276","issn":["1536-1276","1558-2248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-119761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-119761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2344423009","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2900120080","https://openalex.org/W2920095265","https://openalex.org/W2921639927","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2963433607","https://openalex.org/W2979495156","https://openalex.org/W2982650630","https://openalex.org/W3004277316","https://openalex.org/W3037047862","https://openalex.org/W3037582816","https://openalex.org/W3041971333","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3046056026","https://openalex.org/W3093683422","https://openalex.org/W3103591951","https://openalex.org/W3164900515","https://openalex.org/W3202260564","https://openalex.org/W3212066104","https://openalex.org/W3214755690","https://openalex.org/W4297687186","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6745723224","https://openalex.org/W6746200960","https://openalex.org/W6752012617","https://openalex.org/W6752191696","https://openalex.org/W6754143808","https://openalex.org/W6755251367","https://openalex.org/W6755988804","https://openalex.org/W6760350026","https://openalex.org/W6768511045","https://openalex.org/W6773520829","https://openalex.org/W6780224944","https://openalex.org/W6780501606","https://openalex.org/W6784324385","https://openalex.org/W6789216674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944823289","https://openalex.org/W3037018281","https://openalex.org/W2003209439","https://openalex.org/W2358319515","https://openalex.org/W2972592048","https://openalex.org/W4321854979","https://openalex.org/W4312214821","https://openalex.org/W2070735207","https://openalex.org/W4386245174","https://openalex.org/W4200132709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,8],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,88,93],"a":[4,11,27,53,106],"powerful":[5],"distributed":[6],"machine":[7],"framework":[9],"where":[10],"server":[12],"aggregates":[13],"models":[14],"trained":[15],"by":[16],"different":[17],"clients":[18,50],"without":[19],"accessing":[20],"their":[21],"private":[22],"data.":[23],"Hierarchical":[24],"FL,":[25,76],"with":[26,81,113],"client-edge-cloud":[28],"aggregation":[29,130,145,152,160,189],"hierarchy,":[30],"can":[31,60],"effectively":[32],"leverage":[33],"both":[34],"the":[35,44,49,63,72,84,128,137,143,150,158,166,169,179,184,187],"cloud":[36],"server\u2019s":[37],"access":[38],"to":[39,48,51,83,119,163,165],"many":[40],"clients\u2019":[41],"data":[42],"and":[43,95,131,147,171,182],"edge":[45],"servers\u2019":[46],"closeness":[47],"achieve":[52],"high":[54],"communication":[55,64],"efficiency.":[56],"Neural":[57],"network":[58],"quantization":[59],"further":[61],"reduce":[62],"overhead":[65],"during":[66],"model":[67,99],"uploading.":[68],"To":[69],"fully":[70],"exploit":[71],"advantages":[73],"of":[74,168,186],"hierarchical":[75,111],"an":[77],"accurate":[78],"convergence":[79,108,116],"analysis":[80,92],"respect":[82],"key":[85],"system":[86],"parameters":[87],"needed.":[89],"Unfortunately,":[90],"existing":[91],"loose":[94],"does":[96],"not":[97],"consider":[98],"quantization.":[100,114],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,141],"derive":[105],"tighter":[107],"bound":[109],"for":[110,122],"FL":[112],"The":[115],"result":[117],"leads":[118],"practical":[120],"guidelines":[121,181],"important":[123],"design":[124,180],"problems":[125],"such":[126],"as":[127],"client-edge":[129,151,170],"edge-client":[132],"association":[133],"strategies.":[134],"Based":[135],"on":[136],"obtained":[138],"analytical":[139],"results,":[140],"optimize":[142],"two":[144],"intervals":[146],"show":[148],"that":[149],"interval":[153,161],"should":[154],"slowly":[155],"decay":[156],"while":[157],"edge-cloud":[159,172],"needs":[162],"adapt":[164],"ratio":[167],"propagation":[173],"delay.":[174],"Simulation":[175],"results":[176],"shall":[177],"verify":[178],"demonstrate":[183],"effectiveness":[185],"proposed":[188],"strategy.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}