{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312892409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066","title":"Mitigation of Cyber-Attacks on Wide-Area Under-Frequency Load-Shedding Schemes","display_name":"Mitigation of Cyber-Attacks on Wide-Area Under-Frequency Load-Shedding Schemes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312892409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055330340","display_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-9319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Khalaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-9319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088346954","display_name":"Abdelrahman Ayad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-3001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman Ayad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-3001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041719424","display_name":"M.M.A. Salama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdy M. A. Salama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-4844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077035168","display_name":"Deepa Kundur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepa Kundur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020667524","display_name":"Ehab F. El\u2010Saadany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehab F. El-Saadany","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, Advanced Power and Energy Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, Advanced Power and Energy Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79510847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"2377","last_page":"2389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackout","display_name":"Blackout","score":0.8167510628700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6215456128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-shedding","display_name":"Load Shedding","score":0.5738962292671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5254494547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47370976209640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4525345265865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.44351664185523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4313516616821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.41529732942581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36057281494140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34241607785224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.31523942947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15900582075119019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.8167510628700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6215456128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Load Shedding","level":4,"score":0.5738962292671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5254494547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47370976209640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4525345265865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44351664185523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4313516616821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.41529732942581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36057281494140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34241607785224915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31523942947387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15900582075119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3218066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3925026094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project IT15676. Paper no. TSG-00126-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","funder_display_name":"University of Toronto"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521492382","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1972623586","https://openalex.org/W1991132986","https://openalex.org/W1991712811","https://openalex.org/W1997081029","https://openalex.org/W2004702952","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2030182956","https://openalex.org/W2048445621","https://openalex.org/W2067136515","https://openalex.org/W2086135154","https://openalex.org/W2089303750","https://openalex.org/W2094562085","https://openalex.org/W2134209339","https://openalex.org/W2136539231","https://openalex.org/W2147066793","https://openalex.org/W2148213050","https://openalex.org/W2151109389","https://openalex.org/W2312340764","https://openalex.org/W2337458972","https://openalex.org/W2343257364","https://openalex.org/W2344897719","https://openalex.org/W2461490389","https://openalex.org/W2485739003","https://openalex.org/W2515527499","https://openalex.org/W2549981724","https://openalex.org/W2615202977","https://openalex.org/W2620766358","https://openalex.org/W2624884106","https://openalex.org/W2764917955","https://openalex.org/W2771942937","https://openalex.org/W2781914314","https://openalex.org/W2903413245","https://openalex.org/W2906609376","https://openalex.org/W2967164492","https://openalex.org/W2975842286","https://openalex.org/W3007775060","https://openalex.org/W3012322361","https://openalex.org/W3017843081","https://openalex.org/W3020863288","https://openalex.org/W3021897415","https://openalex.org/W3047855163","https://openalex.org/W3173986937","https://openalex.org/W3177284295","https://openalex.org/W4250398466","https://openalex.org/W4285288250","https://openalex.org/W6839548487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162681100","https://openalex.org/W2802070362","https://openalex.org/W2037111501","https://openalex.org/W2054087328","https://openalex.org/W3126488370","https://openalex.org/W2734882410","https://openalex.org/W2766276228","https://openalex.org/W2132018665","https://openalex.org/W2066910221","https://openalex.org/W2748083280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,48,108,112,124,131,142,151,156,160,171,182,195],"problem":[4],"of":[5,64,137,155,164],"cyber-attacks":[6],"on":[7,29,97,107,150,170],"Wide-Area":[8],"Under-Frequency":[9],"Load":[10],"Shedding":[11],"(WAUFLS),":[12],"as":[13,139,141],"these":[14],"schemes":[15,32],"are":[16,95,119,146],"critical":[17],"to":[18,59,71,81,122,129,148],"maintaining":[19],"power":[20,125,132],"systems":[21],"stability.":[22],"First,":[23],"we":[24,75],"perform":[25,123],"a":[26,40,77,103],"detailed":[27],"analysis":[28],"existing":[30],"WAUFLS":[31],"and":[33,67,89,153,162,190,200],"show":[34],"that":[35,110],"an":[36],"adversary":[37],"can":[38],"launch":[39],"False":[41],"Data":[42],"Injection":[43],"(FDI)":[44],"cyberattack":[45],"by":[46,166],"manipulating":[47],"frequency":[49],"measurements":[50],"or":[51],"Power":[52],"Flow":[53],"Measurements":[54],"(PFMs),":[55],"which":[56],"may":[57],"lead":[58],"system":[60,99,144,176,188,196],"losses,":[61],"unnecessary":[62],"shedding":[63,91],"important":[65],"loads,":[66],"system-wide":[68],"blackout.":[69],"Second,":[70],"address":[72],"this":[73],"vulnerability,":[74],"propose":[76],"novelReliableStates":[78],"WAUFLS(RSLS)":[79],"scheme":[80],"protect":[82],"against":[83,204],"FDI":[84,205],"cyber-attacks.":[85],"The":[86,134,179],"disturbance":[87,189],"calculation":[88],"load":[90],"process":[92],"in":[93,127,186],"RSLS":[94,165],"based":[96],"reliable":[98,117],"states,":[100,145],"obtained":[101,143],"using":[102,177],"proposed":[104,183],"data-classification":[105],"method":[106],"PFMs":[109],"secures":[111],"state":[113],"estimation":[114],"operation.":[115],"These":[116],"states":[118],"then":[120],"used":[121,147],"flow":[126],"order":[128],"calculate":[130],"mismatch.":[133],"calculated":[135],"magnitude":[136],"disturbance,":[138],"well":[140],"decide":[149],"amount":[152],"locations":[154],"loadshedding.":[157],"We":[158],"validate":[159],"effectiveness":[161],"accuracy":[163],"conducting":[167],"extensive":[168],"simulation":[169],"IEEE-39":[172],"bus":[173],"New":[174],"England":[175],"PSCAD/EMTDC.":[178],"results":[180],"confirm":[181],"scheme\u2019s":[184],"capabilities":[185],"evaluating":[187],"performing":[191],"load-shedding,":[192],"thus":[193],"protecting":[194],"during":[197],"under-frequency":[198],"conditions,":[199],"demonstrate":[201],"its":[202],"robustness":[203],"attacks.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}