{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068929682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","title":"Investigation of Domestic Load Control to Provide Primary Frequency Response Using Smart Meters","display_name":"Investigation of Domestic Load Control to Provide Primary Frequency Response Using Smart Meters","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068929682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","mag":"2068929682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894192","display_name":"Kamalanath Samarakoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4078-9427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamalanath Samarakoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063890598","display_name":"Janaka Ekanayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-3767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janaka Ekanayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084132529","display_name":"Nick Jenkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Jenkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":198,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98406481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"282","last_page":"292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.7886068820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.6902630925178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.5832269787788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5454587936401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.5323970913887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-response","display_name":"Frequency response","score":0.5256258845329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4986841678619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.49112412333488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-regulation","display_name":"Frequency regulation","score":0.480996698141098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.47409021854400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.4457724392414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.42653992772102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-regulation","display_name":"Load regulation","score":0.42314934730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.40717411041259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36927330493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3643151819705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3440212905406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.34355032444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3409421443939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1778176724910736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.7886068820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.6902630925178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.5832269787788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5454587936401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.5323970913887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.5256258845329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4986841678619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.49112412333488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983304839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747997","display_name":"Frequency regulation","level":4,"score":0.480996698141098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.47409021854400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.4457724392414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.42653992772102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776098794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663315","display_name":"Load regulation","level":3,"score":0.42314934730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.40717411041259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36927330493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3643151819705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3440212905406952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34355032444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3409421443939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1778176724910736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2173219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:38776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/38776/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2544788729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E017444/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4475333520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E036503/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524716239","https://openalex.org/W1575489815","https://openalex.org/W1974690503","https://openalex.org/W2000095956","https://openalex.org/W2009104655","https://openalex.org/W2054601564","https://openalex.org/W2164961065","https://openalex.org/W2172043882","https://openalex.org/W6634306400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362819233","https://openalex.org/W2390170715","https://openalex.org/W4389558246","https://openalex.org/W2378464810","https://openalex.org/W2355075851","https://openalex.org/W3008705334","https://openalex.org/W2354685994","https://openalex.org/W3094175255","https://openalex.org/W2096066633","https://openalex.org/W2126487003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69],"ability":[1],"of":[2,32,71,81,89,104,107],"smart":[3,19,48,122,171],"meters":[4,20,49,123,173],"to":[5,23,26,61,73,76,86,125,151],"control":[6,16,38,67],"domestic":[7],"demand":[8],"during":[9],"system":[10,85,138],"emergencies":[11],"was":[12,50,55,93],"investigated.":[13,51],"Direct":[14],"load":[15,37,66,72,109],"through":[17],"the":[18,47,65,78,82,102,105,108,133,137,159,164],"is":[21,118,140,161],"unlikely":[22],"be":[24,74,143,176],"able":[25],"provide":[27],"primary":[28,113,130],"frequency":[29,44,79,139],"response":[30,114,131],"because":[31],"communication":[33],"delays.":[34],"An":[35,52],"alternative":[36],"scheme":[39],"that":[40,120,174],"used":[41],"a":[42,87,96],"local":[43],"measurement":[45],"from":[46],"experimental":[53],"rig":[54],"developed,":[56],"using":[57,95],"commercially":[58],"available":[59],"components,":[60],"test":[62],"and":[63,101],"demonstrate":[64],"scheme.":[68],"amount":[70],"controlled":[75],"limit":[77],"drop":[80],"Great":[83],"Britain":[84],"set":[88],"minimum":[90],"allowable":[91],"frequencies":[92],"found":[94],"simulation":[97],"program.":[98],"Operating":[99],"speeds":[100],"limitations":[103],"components":[106],"controller":[110],"in":[111,129],"providing":[112],"are":[115,124],"discussed.":[116],"It":[117],"shown":[119],"if":[121],"play":[126],"any":[127],"role":[128],"then":[132],"speed":[134],"at":[135],"which":[136],"measured":[141],"must":[142],"increased":[144],"very":[145],"considerably":[146],"(from":[147],"around":[148],"3":[149],"s":[150],"200":[152],"ms).":[153],"This":[154],"has":[155],"important":[156],"implications":[157],"as":[158],"U.K.":[160],"now":[162],"finalizing":[163],"specification":[165],"for":[166],"more":[167],"than":[168],"20":[169],"million":[170],"electricity":[172],"will":[175],"installed":[177],"by":[178],"2020.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
