{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386453464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255","title":"Out-of-Distribution Generalization With Causal Feature Separation","display_name":"Out-of-Distribution Generalization With Causal Feature Separation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386453464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072541670","display_name":"Haotian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-5575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-5575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041727387","display_name":"Kun Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-9790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Corneal Diseases Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-9790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Corneal Diseases Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060251766","display_name":"Long Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-8985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-8985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114909883","display_name":"Zige Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2895-7982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zige Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2895-7982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020177243","display_name":"Wanrong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5778-9055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanrong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5778-9055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004882141","display_name":"Fei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-8807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai AI Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-8807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai AI Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016603628","display_name":"Wenjing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6997-0406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6997-0406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94744838,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"1758","last_page":"1772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6943609714508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6161414980888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45705175399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separation","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","score":0.44305065274238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4307096600532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38487017154693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3457713723182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19653961062431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.160816490650177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6943609714508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6161414980888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45705175399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44305065274238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4307096600532532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38487017154693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3457713723182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19653961062431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.160816490650177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2023.3312255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G121302408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91948303-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2503274796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A 20387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3253937777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8556648500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034009564","https://openalex.org/W2073307618","https://openalex.org/W2074465184","https://openalex.org/W2086331397","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2163687466","https://openalex.org/W2790376986","https://openalex.org/W2800791174","https://openalex.org/W2803113114","https://openalex.org/W2804847616","https://openalex.org/W2898688783","https://openalex.org/W2952959229","https://openalex.org/W2963608118","https://openalex.org/W2964132737","https://openalex.org/W2973192395","https://openalex.org/W2982285299","https://openalex.org/W2991497298","https://openalex.org/W2997746169","https://openalex.org/W3004430387","https://openalex.org/W3016824580","https://openalex.org/W3080918539","https://openalex.org/W3091533194","https://openalex.org/W3095807935","https://openalex.org/W3103539622","https://openalex.org/W3125774186","https://openalex.org/W3132999519","https://openalex.org/W3135588948","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W3188960136","https://openalex.org/W3191293933","https://openalex.org/W3196850540","https://openalex.org/W3213691099","https://openalex.org/W4206601343","https://openalex.org/W4221168018","https://openalex.org/W4287646898","https://openalex.org/W4288287305","https://openalex.org/W4292824755","https://openalex.org/W4295097398","https://openalex.org/W4297750455","https://openalex.org/W4299356147","https://openalex.org/W4301344256","https://openalex.org/W4302423442","https://openalex.org/W6631552155","https://openalex.org/W6676801328","https://openalex.org/W6729580568","https://openalex.org/W6738339794","https://openalex.org/W6739095351","https://openalex.org/W6745454490","https://openalex.org/W6753131204","https://openalex.org/W6755174428","https://openalex.org/W6765285020","https://openalex.org/W6771271773","https://openalex.org/W6773110963","https://openalex.org/W6774630179","https://openalex.org/W6779859997","https://openalex.org/W6783600611","https://openalex.org/W6784933285","https://openalex.org/W6791853581","https://openalex.org/W6795278620","https://openalex.org/W6799707133","https://openalex.org/W6800440403","https://openalex.org/W6803523010","https://openalex.org/W6810511572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2071676784","https://openalex.org/W4292513318","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W4308092240","https://openalex.org/W2287611352"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1,65,82],"empirical":[2],"risk":[3],"minimization,":[4],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"algorithm":[7,81,101],"tends":[8],"to":[9,30,43,88],"exploit":[10,44],"subtle":[11],"statistical":[12],"correlations":[13,24],"existing":[14],"in":[15,69,106],"the":[16,22,35,38,61,66,85,98,103,107,116,120,123,128,135,140,144,157,160],"training":[17],"environment":[18],"for":[19,94,151],"prediction,":[20],"while":[21],"spurious":[23,62],"are":[25],"unstable":[26],"across":[27],"environments,":[28],"leading":[29],"poor":[31],"generalization":[32,41,171],"performance.":[33],"Accordingly,":[34],"problem":[36],"of":[37,92,122,130,134,159],"Out-of-distribution":[39],"(OOD)":[40],"aims":[42],"an":[45],"invariant/stable":[46],"relationship":[47],"between":[48],"features":[49,91,133,142],"and":[50,169],"outcomes":[51],"that":[52,114],"generalizes":[53],"well":[54],"on":[55,164],"all":[56,131],"possible":[57],"environments.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"correlation":[63],"induced":[64],"selection":[67],"bias,":[68],"this":[70],"article,":[71],"we":[72,112,138],"propose":[73],"a":[74,148],"novel":[75],"Clique-based":[76],"Causal":[77],"Feature":[78],"Separation":[79],"(CCFS)":[80],"explicitly":[83],"incorporating":[84],"causal":[86,90,109,124,132,141,166],"structure":[87],"identify":[89],"outcome":[93],"OOD":[95,152,170],"generalization.":[96],"Specifically,":[97],"proposed":[99,161],"CCFS":[100,162],"identifies":[102],"largest":[104,117],"clique":[105,118],"learned":[108],"skeleton.":[110],"Theoretically,":[111],"guarantee":[113],"either":[115],"or":[119],"rest":[121],"skeleton":[125],"is":[126],"exactly":[127],"set":[129],"outcome.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"separate":[139],"from":[143],"non-causal":[145],"ones":[146],"with":[147],"sample-reweighting":[149],"decorrelator":[150],"prediction.":[153],"Extensive":[154],"experiments":[155],"validate":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"method":[163],"both":[165],"feature":[167],"identification":[168],"tasks.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-13T09:14:26.050021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}