{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416148796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","title":"A Cost-Efficient Approach to Managing Simultaneous Charging Sessions in Large-Scale EV Stations","display_name":"A Cost-Efficient Approach to Managing Simultaneous Charging Sessions in Large-Scale EV Stations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416148796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011741664","display_name":"Su Pyae Sone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-9421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su P. Sone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5373-9421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055603484","display_name":"Janne Lehtom\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janne J. Lehtom\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034665130","display_name":"Zaheer Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-5684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaheer Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-5684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063500795","display_name":"Julia Robles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-9054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Robles-Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["ERTIS Group, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9494-9054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ERTIS Group, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.8598,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73300669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"579","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.6462000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5838000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservation","display_name":"Reservation","score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queuing-delay","display_name":"Queuing delay","score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.3165999948978424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.6462000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5838000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196095461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576842","display_name":"Queuing delay","level":3,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128220111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4531011","display_name":"Queue management system","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140665","display_name":"Charging station","level":4,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986883954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362005","display_name":"Operational costs","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781007418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456934","display_name":"Capacity planning","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182299520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289588","display_name":"Total cost","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780952636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479512","display_name":"Incident management","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93983250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795053","display_name":"Cost estimate","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780068603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783938","display_name":"Vehicle-to-grid","level":4,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2025.3629616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144771191","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","issn_l":"1524-9050","issn":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992236404","https://openalex.org/W2040530174","https://openalex.org/W2054511699","https://openalex.org/W2054545739","https://openalex.org/W2064737344","https://openalex.org/W2097746659","https://openalex.org/W2121324168","https://openalex.org/W2155637385","https://openalex.org/W2165476561","https://openalex.org/W2498775860","https://openalex.org/W2597125925","https://openalex.org/W2751802138","https://openalex.org/W2883836429","https://openalex.org/W2928663147","https://openalex.org/W2952348579","https://openalex.org/W2973539877","https://openalex.org/W3009782387","https://openalex.org/W3047891470","https://openalex.org/W3049774870","https://openalex.org/W3091173963","https://openalex.org/W3107438497","https://openalex.org/W3107779832","https://openalex.org/W3157812156","https://openalex.org/W3176319896","https://openalex.org/W3183048323","https://openalex.org/W3189940786","https://openalex.org/W3197521981","https://openalex.org/W4200467157","https://openalex.org/W4252954227","https://openalex.org/W4312375313","https://openalex.org/W4365807811","https://openalex.org/W4391409195","https://openalex.org/W4393006309","https://openalex.org/W4394903824","https://openalex.org/W4403094444"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,93,107,172],"rapid":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,17,138],"electric":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"poses":[7],"significant":[8],"challenges":[9],"for":[10,181],"large-scale":[11],"EV":[12,50,99,170,190],"charging":[13,21,43,191],"stations":[14],"in":[15,188],"terms":[16],"efficiently":[18],"addressing":[19],"dynamic":[20],"demands":[22],"and":[23,60,74,78,178,185],"proactively":[24],"managing":[25,182],"grid":[26,84],"load.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,39,68,79,176],"cost-efficient":[32],"framework":[33,174],"that":[34,97,133],"extends":[35],"the$M/M/s$queuing":[36],"model":[37,57,110],"to":[38,123,140,149,152,168],"time-varying$M(t)/M/s(t)$system,":[40],"enabling":[41],"adaptive":[42,158],"session":[44],"management":[45],"based":[46],"on":[47],"uncertainty-aware":[48,61],"predicted":[49],"arrivals.":[51,171],"A":[52],"Bayesian":[53],"Neural":[54],"Network":[55],"(BNN)-based":[56],"generates":[58],"mean":[59],"upper":[62],"bound":[63],"(UB)":[64],"arrival":[65,100],"predictions,":[66],"while":[67],"novel":[69],"cost":[70,109,145],"function,":[71],"with":[72,88,111],"linear":[73,125],"non-linear":[75,108],"waiting":[76,81,90,117,136],"costs":[77,87,184],"tolerable":[80,135],"time,":[82],"balances":[83],"capacity":[85],"reservation":[86],"user":[89,128,186],"time":[91],"costs.":[92],"simulation":[94],"results":[95],"demonstrate":[96],"UB":[98,112],"predictions":[101],"ensure":[102],"robust":[103],"performance":[104],"under":[105],"uncertainties.":[106],"prediction":[113],"effectively":[114],"reduces":[115,143],"maximum":[116],"times":[118,137],"by":[119,146,165],"approximately":[120,147],"30%":[121],"compared":[122],"the":[124,153,157],"model,":[126],"improving":[127],"satisfaction.":[129],"Key":[130],"findings":[131],"highlight":[132],"incorporating":[134],"10":[139],"20":[141],"minutes":[142],"total":[144],"12%":[148],"25%":[150],"relative":[151],"no-threshold":[154],"approach.":[155],"Moreover,":[156],"demand":[159],"estimation":[160],"strategies":[161],"outperform":[162],"static":[163],"approaches":[164],"dynamically":[166],"adjusting":[167],"varying":[169],"proposed":[173],"offers":[175],"scalable":[177],"practical":[179],"solution":[180],"operational":[183],"expectations":[187],"future":[189],"infrastructures.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00"}