{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386179382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","title":"Rethinking Cross-Domain Pedestrian Detection: A Background-Focused Distribution Alignment Framework for Instance-Free One-Stage Detectors","display_name":"Rethinking Cross-Domain Pedestrian Detection: A Background-Focused Distribution Alignment Framework for Instance-Free One-Stage Detectors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386179382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37624711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08771","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047350149","display_name":"Yancheng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4077-8330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yancheng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4077-8330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335202","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-782X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087869694","display_name":"Baopu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-3991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342911587","display_name":"Oracle (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/006c77m33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342911587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121988","display_name":"Film Independent","ror":"https://ror.org/036cy3843","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baopu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oracle Company, Redwood City, CA, USA","Independent Researcher, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-3991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oracle Company, Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342911587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021220108","display_name":"Tao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-9818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049850785","display_name":"Hongliang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-5671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongliang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-5671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769097","display_name":"Jingdong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6668-1140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingdong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6668-1140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022836655","display_name":"Jiahao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6301-7705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shang-hai, 200232, China","with the School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shang-hai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"with the School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3677,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80889887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":null,"first_page":"4935","last_page":"4950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.76591956615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6265971064567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5736601948738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5188628435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47182995080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.46485579013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4637245535850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4458004832267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.36612993478775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35599571466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23410093784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12933465838432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.128351628780365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.76591956615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6265971064567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5736601948738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5188628435134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47182995080947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.46485579013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4637245535850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4458004832267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.36612993478775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35599571466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23410093784332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12933465838432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.128351628780365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3307222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37624711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37624711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2309.08771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.08771","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2309.08771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2309.08771","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08771","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3977413633","display_name":"\u5b50\u7c7b\u611f\u77e5\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5491202952","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u6709\u9650\u7b97\u529b\u548c\u6570\u636e\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u878d\u5408\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u63a8\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"23ZR1402900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8022898299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1909207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309612","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386179382.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1581020457","https://openalex.org/W1945811542","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2062291443","https://openalex.org/W2089961441","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2142333410","https://openalex.org/W2158112757","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2350280062","https://openalex.org/W2547746635","https://openalex.org/W2594507094","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2748021867","https://openalex.org/W2896540732","https://openalex.org/W2896726780","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2955889502","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962850098","https://openalex.org/W2963404857","https://openalex.org/W2964115968","https://openalex.org/W2968634921","https://openalex.org/W2969760539","https://openalex.org/W2970929725","https://openalex.org/W2974603289","https://openalex.org/W2979548969","https://openalex.org/W2981689412","https://openalex.org/W2990069979","https://openalex.org/W3012101827","https://openalex.org/W3034779842","https://openalex.org/W3035175896","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3082231033","https://openalex.org/W3092665420","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3104978563","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108815824","https://openalex.org/W3110011650","https://openalex.org/W3121281282","https://openalex.org/W3125003080","https://openalex.org/W3128745314","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3136433190","https://openalex.org/W3147144892","https://openalex.org/W3152008128","https://openalex.org/W3166409449","https://openalex.org/W3168316785","https://openalex.org/W3170005157","https://openalex.org/W3173770079","https://openalex.org/W3174367271","https://openalex.org/W3174551531","https://openalex.org/W3175515048","https://openalex.org/W3180426564","https://openalex.org/W3202277637","https://openalex.org/W3212024868","https://openalex.org/W3212135534","https://openalex.org/W4206019878","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4226412070","https://openalex.org/W4287254611","https://openalex.org/W4287258753","https://openalex.org/W4287324101","https://openalex.org/W4293519346","https://openalex.org/W4300479382","https://openalex.org/W4312802153","https://openalex.org/W4313169234","https://openalex.org/W4321504847","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6634987251","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6791108266","https://openalex.org/W6797718425","https://openalex.org/W6803448863","https://openalex.org/W6803559075"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433","https://openalex.org/W2802018156","https://openalex.org/W2101531944","https://openalex.org/W4313315626","https://openalex.org/W4223892596","https://openalex.org/W4312696271","https://openalex.org/W2933098581","https://openalex.org/W2556125083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-domain":[0],"pedestrian":[1,6,173,211],"detection":[2,212],"aims":[3],"to":[4,12,30,85,168,202],"generalize":[5],"detectors":[7,33,49,63],"from":[8,182,257],"one":[9],"label-rich":[10],"domain":[11,28,94,105,170,204],"another":[13],"label-scarce":[14],"domain,":[15],"which":[16,248],"is":[17,249],"crucial":[18],"for":[19,60,214,252],"various":[20],"real-world":[21],"applications.":[22,254],"Most":[23],"recent":[24],"works":[25],"focus":[26,139],"on":[27,55,140,152,236],"alignment":[29,79,144,155,166],"train":[31,169],"domain-adaptive":[32],"either":[34,215],"at":[35],"the":[36,81,88,92,103,114,147,153,179,183,223,242,245],"instance":[37],"level":[38],"or":[39,217],"image":[40,95,185],"level.":[41],"From":[42],"a":[43,57,129,160,193],"practical":[44,253],"point":[45],"of":[46,116,149,244],"view,":[47],"one-stage":[48,62,172,216,225],"are":[50,96],"faster.":[51],"Therefore,":[52,137],"we":[53,111,138],"concentrate":[54],"designing":[56],"cross-domain":[58,122,135,141,154,210],"algorithm":[59],"rapid":[61],"that":[64,126,200],"lacks":[65],"instance-level":[66],"proposals":[67],"and":[68,118,124,188],"can":[69,229],"only":[70],"perform":[71],"image-level":[72,77,121,134],"feature":[73,78,143,186],"alignment.":[74,136],"However,":[75],"pure":[76],"causes":[80],"foreground-background":[82],"misalignment":[83],"issue":[84],"arise,":[86],"i.e.,":[87],"foreground":[89,117,150],"features":[90,101,151,181],"in":[91,102,120,133],"source":[93],"falsely":[97],"aligned":[98],"with":[99],"background":[100,119,127,142,180],"target":[104],"image.":[106],"To":[107],"address":[108],"this":[109,258],"issue,":[110],"systematically":[112],"analyze":[113],"importance":[115],"alignment,":[123],"learn":[125],"plays":[128],"more":[130],"critical":[131],"role":[132],"while":[145],"minimizing":[146],"influence":[148],"stage.":[156],"This":[157],"paper":[158],"proposes":[159],"novel":[161,194],"framework,":[162],"namely,":[163],"background-focused":[164],"distribution":[165],"(BFDA),":[167],"adaptive":[171],"detectors.":[174,219],"Specifically,":[175],"BFDA":[176,207,228],"first":[177],"decouples":[178],"whole":[184],"maps":[187],"then":[189],"aligns":[190],"them":[191],"via":[192],"long-short-range":[195],"discriminator.":[196],"Extensive":[197],"experiments":[198],"demonstrate":[199],"compared":[201],"mainstream":[203],"adaptation":[205],"technologies,":[206],"significantly":[208],"enhances":[209],"performance":[213],"two-stage":[218],"Moreover,":[220],"by":[221],"employing":[222],"efficient":[224],"detector":[226],"(YOLOv5),":[227],"reach":[230],"217.4":[231],"FPS":[232,243],"(":[233],"640\u00d7480":[234],"pixels)":[235],"NVIDIA":[237],"Tesla":[238],"V100":[239],"(7~12":[240],"times":[241],"existing":[246],"frameworks),":[247],"highly":[250],"significant":[251],"The":[255],"code":[256],"study":[259],"will":[260],"be":[261],"made":[262],"publicly":[263],"available.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2023-08-26T00:00:00"}