{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404479786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3500059","title":"Machine Learning-Optimized Metamaterial Sensor for Real-Time Insoluble Particle Position Monitoring in Multiphase Oil Flow","display_name":"Machine Learning-Optimized Metamaterial Sensor for Real-Time Insoluble Particle Position Monitoring in Multiphase Oil Flow","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404479786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3500059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3500059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3500059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074446856","display_name":"Ahmad Musa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-9283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pusat Sains Angkasa, Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-9283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pusat Sains Angkasa, Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080752567","display_name":"Touhidul Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8856-1213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Touhidul Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pusat Sains Angkasa, Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8856-1213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pusat Sains Angkasa, Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100748842","display_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Tariqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-3209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114691433","display_name":"Yeasin Arafat Payek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeasin Arafat Payek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6111-0814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000893884","display_name":"Mohamed S. Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-4195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed S. Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-4195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074446856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85554688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6173858046531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphase-flow","display_name":"Multiphase flow","score":0.586039125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.5547851920127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metamaterial","display_name":"Metamaterial","score":0.5206633806228638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5115655064582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.47152385115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-flow","display_name":"Particle flow","score":0.4184269905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41243308782577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.36954614520072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24742797017097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.19037261605262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.17254772782325745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11840856075286865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6173858046531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559665","display_name":"Multiphase flow","level":2,"score":0.586039125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5547851920127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110367647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497166","display_name":"Metamaterial","level":2,"score":0.5206633806228638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5115655064582825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47152385115623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985957023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105191","display_name":"Particle flow","level":3,"score":0.4184269905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41243308782577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.36954614520072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24742797017097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.19037261605262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.17254772782325745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11840856075286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171872576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902783","display_name":"Discrete element method","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2024.3500059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3500059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961760733","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2108590514","https://openalex.org/W2751632613","https://openalex.org/W2895018648","https://openalex.org/W2928285259","https://openalex.org/W2994355003","https://openalex.org/W3003170190","https://openalex.org/W3008331504","https://openalex.org/W3009321752","https://openalex.org/W3032102848","https://openalex.org/W3044693884","https://openalex.org/W3109248529","https://openalex.org/W3135324378","https://openalex.org/W3193012049","https://openalex.org/W3197437687","https://openalex.org/W4282968919","https://openalex.org/W4283578607","https://openalex.org/W4309258850","https://openalex.org/W4313546743","https://openalex.org/W4313656920","https://openalex.org/W4318472644","https://openalex.org/W4319298146","https://openalex.org/W4322421555","https://openalex.org/W4322707202","https://openalex.org/W4366724567","https://openalex.org/W4377089723","https://openalex.org/W4389610134","https://openalex.org/W4389817953","https://openalex.org/W4392122233","https://openalex.org/W4392338613","https://openalex.org/W4402351005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570806970","https://openalex.org/W2174268617","https://openalex.org/W2355230244","https://openalex.org/W4393510621","https://openalex.org/W2772118111","https://openalex.org/W4393618044","https://openalex.org/W2090550343","https://openalex.org/W2877141052","https://openalex.org/W2358279526","https://openalex.org/W4401899608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,33,43,49,54,60,93,114,133,234],"novel":[4],"metamaterial":[5],"(MTM)-inspired":[6],"sensor":[7,66,80,203],"architecture":[8],"employing":[9],"four":[10,22,69],"split-square":[11],"resonators":[12,24,39],"(SSRs).":[13],"The":[14,65,198,272],"sensor\u2019s":[15,231],"design":[16],"integrates":[17],"microstrip":[18],"technology":[19],"and":[20,59,89,162,216,239,257],"incorporates":[21],"RF":[23,38],"of":[25,52,57,62,85,103,109,144,195,201,279],"varying":[26],"sizes,":[27],"generating":[28],"distinct":[29,248],"resonant":[30,107,180],"frequencies":[31,84],"with":[32],"higher":[34],"quality":[35],"factor.":[36],"These":[37],"are":[40,173],"fabricated":[41],"on":[42],"Rogers":[44],"RT5880":[45],"substrate":[46],"characterized":[47],"by":[48],"dielectric":[50,124,134,189],"constant":[51],"2.2,":[53],"loss":[55],"tangent":[56],"0.0009,":[58],"thickness":[61],"1.6":[63],"mm.":[64],"configuration":[67],"comprises":[68],"SSRs;":[70],"each":[71],"resonator":[72],"resonates":[73,81],"at":[74,82],"its":[75,117],"unique":[76],"frequency.":[77],"Overall,":[78],"the":[79,83,104,106,110,148,179,188,192,196,202,230],"3.36,":[86],"3.66,":[87],"4.26,":[88],"4.69":[90],"GHz.":[91],"When":[92],"liquid":[94],"flow":[95],"containing":[96],"insoluble":[97,176],"particles":[98],"is":[99,204],"directed":[100],"onto":[101],"any":[102],"SSRs,":[105],"frequency":[108,181],"respective":[111],"SSR":[112],"undergoes":[113],"shift":[115],"from":[116,263],"baseline":[118],"position":[119],"due":[120],"to":[121,185,259],"variations":[122],"in":[123,187,269],"properties.":[125,271],"In":[126],"this":[127],"study,":[128],"purified":[129],"Palm":[130],"oil":[131,270],"(with":[132],"value,":[135],"<inline-formula":[136],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[137,155,166,207,219],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[138,156,167,208,220],"<tex-math":[139,157,168,209,221],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\varepsilon":[140,158,169,210,222],"_{\\text":[141],"{oil}}$":[142],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[143],"2.8)":[145],"serves":[146],"as":[147,175,267],"flowing":[149],"liquid,":[150],"while":[151],"distilled":[152],"water":[153,226],"(<inline-formula":[154,165],"_{w}":[159],"=78$":[160],"</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[161,172],"regular":[163],"air":[164,214],"_{a}":[170],"=1$":[171],"employed":[174,256],"particles.":[177],"Notably,":[178],"demonstrates":[182],"high":[183],"sensitivity":[184,200],"changes":[186],"value":[190],"within":[191],"capacitive":[193],"region":[194],"SSRs.":[197],"avaseg":[199],"0.75":[205],"GHz/<inline-formula":[206,218],"$":[211,223],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[212,224],"for":[213,225],"sample":[215],"0.025":[217],"sample.":[227],"To":[228],"validate":[229],"operational":[232],"principles,":[233],"comparative":[235],"analysis":[236],"between":[237],"simulated":[238],"measured":[240],"transmission":[241],"results":[242],"has":[243],"been":[244],"conducted.":[245],"Furthermore,":[246],"five":[247],"predictive":[249],"machine":[250],"learning":[251],"(ML)":[252],"classification":[253],"algorithms":[254],"were":[255],"compared":[258],"mitigate":[260],"errors":[261],"arising":[262],"environmental":[264],"factors,":[265],"such":[266],"fluctuations":[268],"decision":[273],"tree":[274],"model":[275],"achieved":[276],"an":[277],"average":[278],"99.25%":[280],"accuracy.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}