{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134506088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","title":"FFBV Algorithm Design for Soft Synchronization FMCW Radar","display_name":"FFBV Algorithm Design for Soft Synchronization FMCW Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134506088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","mag":"3134506088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045689918","display_name":"Ping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5856-2669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5856-2669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453587","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7440-4556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7440-4556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431313","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-9510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-9510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012106928","display_name":"Yanzan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-1760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-1760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078361695","display_name":"Yating Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-3110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yating Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-3110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009775295","display_name":"Lixun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23171815","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/05fwr8z16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-3892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23171815"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96236762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.7599068880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667799174785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6488023400306702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6338846683502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.6038551926612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.5823708772659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4435361623764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.4365612864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36758923530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.36281490325927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.2960059642791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22888129949569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.207755446434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.07217663526535034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.7599068880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667799174785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6488023400306702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6338846683502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.6038551926612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.5823708772659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4435361623764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.4365612864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36758923530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.36281490325927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2960059642791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22888129949569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.207755446434021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.07217663526535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3059319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3644517305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771299","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6924459141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1931679684","https://openalex.org/W2027663688","https://openalex.org/W2028418312","https://openalex.org/W2153594606","https://openalex.org/W2304230295","https://openalex.org/W2514166005","https://openalex.org/W2527466024","https://openalex.org/W2559183057","https://openalex.org/W2789648429","https://openalex.org/W2798205579","https://openalex.org/W2883778377","https://openalex.org/W2905640213","https://openalex.org/W2922148914","https://openalex.org/W2924822391","https://openalex.org/W2939432428","https://openalex.org/W2941074488","https://openalex.org/W2942065897","https://openalex.org/W2944876982","https://openalex.org/W2946020594","https://openalex.org/W2972117745","https://openalex.org/W2972841519","https://openalex.org/W2998116208","https://openalex.org/W3003116136","https://openalex.org/W3008293248","https://openalex.org/W3013453374","https://openalex.org/W3014590059","https://openalex.org/W3026846185","https://openalex.org/W3038068410","https://openalex.org/W3043848107","https://openalex.org/W3045605547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1473737476","https://openalex.org/W2061432289","https://openalex.org/W2276571074","https://openalex.org/W2101505280","https://openalex.org/W4300003799","https://openalex.org/W2158582019","https://openalex.org/W1974392290","https://openalex.org/W3103566292","https://openalex.org/W2074565401","https://openalex.org/W1607924090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"in":[1,179],"military":[2],"or":[3],"civilian":[4],"use,":[5],"frequency-modulated":[6],"continuous-wave":[7],"(FMCW)":[8],"radars":[9,18],"play":[10],"a":[11,38],"very":[12],"important":[13],"role,":[14],"but":[15],"common":[16,163],"FMCW":[17,78,96,187],"need":[19],"to":[20,59],"collect":[21],"both":[22],"radar":[23,79,97,188],"echo":[24,31],"signals":[25,29],"and":[26,56,206,218],"hardware":[27,86],"synchronization":[28,40,49,66,73,77,87,111,164,173,183,202,216,220],"during":[30],"signal":[32,125,182],"processing.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"this":[35],"article":[36],"proposes":[37],"new":[39],"algorithm,":[41,74,221],"i.e.,":[42],"the":[43,61,64,71,75,82,92,95,106,109,117,120,123,129,138,144,147,158,171,181,186,190,196,200,214,224,228],"four-threshold":[44],"frequency":[45],"band":[46],"variance":[47,219],"(FFBV)":[48],"algorithm.":[50,67,112],"Then,":[51,135],"we":[52,90,104,115,136],"combine":[53],"theoretical":[54],"derivation":[55],"experimental":[57,167],"verification":[58],"analyze":[60,91,105,137],"performance":[62,118,139,145,159,178],"of":[63,70,108,119,146,185,192],"FFBV":[65,72,110,172,201],"With":[68],"assistance":[69],"soft":[76],"can":[80],"achieve":[81],"same":[83,225],"functions":[84],"without":[85],"signals.":[88,102],"First,":[89],"principle":[93],"behind":[94],"based":[98],"on":[99],"intermittent":[100],"ramp":[101],"Second,":[103],"design":[107],"In":[113],"addition,":[114],"verify":[116],"algorithm":[121,148,174,203,217],"when":[122],"received":[124],"is":[126,204,230],"corrupted":[127],"by":[128,199,213],"additive":[130],"white":[131],"Gaussian":[132],"noise":[133],"(AWGN).":[134],"from":[140],"two":[141],"aspects,":[142],"including":[143],"under":[149,189,223],"different":[150],"signal-to-noise":[151],"ratio":[152],"(SNR)":[153],"conditions,":[154],"as":[155,157],"well":[156],"comparison":[160],"with":[161],"other":[162],"algorithms.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"results":[168],"show":[169],"that":[170,211,227],"has":[175],"achieved":[176],"good":[177],"solving":[180],"issue":[184],"condition":[191,226],"low":[193],"SNR.":[194],"Especially,":[195],"SNR":[197],"required":[198,212],"2":[205],"6.5":[207],"dB":[208],"lower":[209],"than":[210],"three-threshold":[215],"respectively,":[222],"accuracy":[229],"90%.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}