{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968955748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","title":"Application of Neural Network to GNSS-R Wind Speed Retrieval","display_name":"Application of Neural Network to GNSS-R Wind Speed Retrieval","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968955748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","mag":"2968955748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052334299","display_name":"Yunxiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-6673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-6673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005245544","display_name":"Ian Collett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-888X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Collett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-888X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078078392","display_name":"Y. Jade Morton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Jade Morton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-2888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92640923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"12","first_page":"9756","last_page":"9766"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7618907690048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7454535961151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.7150650024414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6792846322059631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.638776957988739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5439240336418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-percentage-error","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","score":0.45598557591438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4049936532974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3535591959953308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3527263402938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33537256717681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.21106407046318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12842199206352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10454431176185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08316776156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08211413025856018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7618907690048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7454535961151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.7150650024414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6792846322059631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.638776957988739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5439240336418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.45598557591438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4049936532974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3535591959953308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3527263402938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33537256717681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.21106407046318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12842199206352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10454431176185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08316776156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08211413025856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2019.2929002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2769959767","display_name":"GPS RADIO OCCULTATION (RO) LIMB-SOUNDING TECHNIQUES HAVE EVOLVED IN PARALLEL WITH THE ADVANCEMENT OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS) FROM","funder_award_id":"NNX15AT54G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322182","display_name":"Huaqiao University","ror":"https://ror.org/03frdh605"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326948","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00g51hv48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332538","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1555148682","https://openalex.org/W1641514922","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1931923373","https://openalex.org/W2004915807","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2009972288","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2075828063","https://openalex.org/W2089550449","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2109243115","https://openalex.org/W2119877494","https://openalex.org/W2128137655","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2137226992","https://openalex.org/W2145696754","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2248954824","https://openalex.org/W2321482666","https://openalex.org/W2329472099","https://openalex.org/W2417259888","https://openalex.org/W2538956236","https://openalex.org/W2738758359","https://openalex.org/W2771474058","https://openalex.org/W2783343597","https://openalex.org/W2791535908","https://openalex.org/W2963017945","https://openalex.org/W2964113829","https://openalex.org/W6629815555","https://openalex.org/W6633204899","https://openalex.org/W6640393500","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6680532697","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685350579","https://openalex.org/W6747954111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088241642","https://openalex.org/W2171965617","https://openalex.org/W3035350709","https://openalex.org/W4319838649","https://openalex.org/W3200378132","https://openalex.org/W2807954395","https://openalex.org/W4319316500","https://openalex.org/W3043515250","https://openalex.org/W4205675329","https://openalex.org/W2968955748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"applies":[2],"a":[3,79],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"algorithm":[7,96],"based":[8],"on":[9,39],"the":[10,46,55,70,73,94,98,104,117],"multi-hidden":[11],"layer":[12],"neural":[13],"network":[14],"(MHL-NN)":[15],"for":[16],"ocean":[17],"surface":[18],"wind":[19,32,81,118],"speed":[20,33,82,119],"estimation":[21],"using":[22],"global":[23],"navigation":[24],"satellite":[25],"system":[26],"(GNSS)":[27],"reflection":[28],"measurements.":[29],"Unlike":[30],"conventional":[31,80],"retrieval":[34,83],"methods":[35,100],"that":[36,93],"often":[37],"depend":[38],"limited":[40],"scalar":[41],"delay-Doppler":[42],"map":[43],"(DDM)":[44],"observables,":[45],"proposed":[47],"MHL-NN":[48,74,95],"makes":[49],"use":[50],"of":[51,72,103,116],"information":[52],"captured":[53],"by":[54],"entire":[56],"DDM.":[57],"Both":[58],"simulated":[59],"and":[60,68,75,85,110],"real":[61],"data":[62],"sets":[63],"are":[64],"used":[65],"to":[66,78],"train":[67],"evaluate":[69],"performance":[71],"compare":[76],"it":[77],"method":[84],"other":[86,99],"prevailing":[87],"ML":[88],"algorithms.":[89],"The":[90],"results":[91],"show":[92],"outperforms":[97],"in":[101],"terms":[102],"root":[105],"mean":[106,111],"square":[107],"error":[108,114],"(RMSE)":[109],"absolute":[112],"percentage":[113],"(MAPE)":[115],"estimation.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-13T09:14:26.050021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}