{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408258238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823","title":"Layered Model Stacking: Enhancing DDoS Detection Through Advanced Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Layered Model Stacking: Enhancing DDoS Detection Through Advanced Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408258238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TENCON 2024 - 2024 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081290516","display_name":"Nabeel Mahdy Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1933-5225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35906937","display_name":"University of Misan","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5sds65","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35906937"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel Mahdy Haddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education College, University of Misan,Thi-Qar,Iraq,64001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education College, University of Misan,Thi-Qar,Iraq,64001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35906937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035838631","display_name":"Aqeel Sahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqeel Sahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035610195","display_name":"Mohammed Diykh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202735123","display_name":"Thi Qar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ypa8k59","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202735123"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Diykh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education for Pure Science, University of Ti-Qar,Thi-Qar,Iraq,64001"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education for Pure Science, University of Ti-Qar,Thi-Qar,Iraq,64001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202735123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116561164","display_name":"Kaled Aljbur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800846939","display_name":"Toowoomba Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/048xxxv92","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302211766","https://openalex.org/I2800846939","https://openalex.org/I2801244131"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaled Aljebur","raw_affiliation_strings":["TAFE Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TAFE Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800846939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116561165","display_name":"Ali Kutfan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kutfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028530736","display_name":"Shahab Abdulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-6969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahab Abdulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD,Australia,4350","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041497097","display_name":"Hayder Al-Hraishawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-9984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayder Al-Hraishawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081290516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35906937"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32655478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1909","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7397293448448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacking","display_name":"Stacking","score":0.6939515471458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6662092804908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6324014067649841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5389649868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4987812042236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10391190648078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.0818893313407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0670296847820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7397293448448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.6939515471458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6662092804908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6324014067649841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5389649868011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4987812042236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10391190648078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0818893313407898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0670296847820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon61640.2024.10902823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TENCON 2024 - 2024 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2498672755","https://openalex.org/W2605076645","https://openalex.org/W2892142441","https://openalex.org/W2960339583","https://openalex.org/W3092573972","https://openalex.org/W3094406736","https://openalex.org/W3121972055","https://openalex.org/W3126276480","https://openalex.org/W3186003301","https://openalex.org/W4206116579","https://openalex.org/W4212768123","https://openalex.org/W4281869477","https://openalex.org/W4285731979","https://openalex.org/W4298110865","https://openalex.org/W4304092282","https://openalex.org/W4304701250","https://openalex.org/W4318570420","https://openalex.org/W4321093064","https://openalex.org/W6783977142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"Denial":[1],"of":[2,48,58,97],"Service":[3],"(DDoS)":[4],"attacks":[5],"continue":[6],"to":[7,12,30,42],"cause":[8],"a":[9,56],"substantial":[10],"threat":[11],"network":[13,59],"infrastructure":[14],"and":[15,46,64,87,111,121],"services.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"paper,":[19],"we":[20],"propose":[21],"an":[22],"approach":[23],"called":[24],"DDoS":[25,32,127],"Layered":[26],"Model":[27],"Stacking":[28],"(DDoS_LMS)":[29],"improve":[31],"detection":[33,49],"accuracy.":[34],"Our":[35,90],"model":[36,54],"uses":[37],"advanced":[38],"ensemble":[39],"machine-learning":[40],"techniques":[41],"enhance":[43],"the":[44,95],"robustness":[45],"reliability":[47],"systems.":[50],"We":[51],"evaluate":[52],"our":[53],"using":[55],"dataset":[57],"traffic,":[60],"including":[61],"both":[62],"legitimate":[63],"attack":[65],"traffic.":[66],"Multiple":[67],"machine":[68],"learning":[69],"models":[70,120],"are":[71],"employed,":[72],"such":[73],"as":[74],"Logistic":[75],"Regression,":[76],"k-nearest":[77],"Neighbors":[78],"(k-NN),":[79],"Support":[80],"Vector":[81],"Machine":[82],"(SVM),":[83],"Multi-Layer":[84],"Perceptron":[85],"(MLP),":[86],"Naive":[88],"Bayes.":[89],"proposed":[91],"model,":[92],"which":[93],"combines":[94],"strengths":[96],"these":[98],"individual":[99,119],"classifiers,":[100],"achieves":[101],"exceptional":[102],"results":[103],"with":[104],"0.9872":[105],"accuracy,":[106],"0.9829":[107],"precision,":[108],"0.9847":[109],"recall,":[110],"0.9837":[112],"F1":[113],"score.":[114],"The":[115],"DDoS_LMS":[116],"notably":[117],"outperforms":[118],"proves":[122],"its":[123],"efficiency":[124],"in":[125],"detecting":[126],"attacks.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
