{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202388572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","title":"Using Physiological Information to Classify Task Difficulty in Human-Swarm Interaction","display_name":"Using Physiological Information to Classify Task Difficulty in Human-Swarm Interaction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202388572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","mag":"3202388572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011274789","display_name":"Joseph P. Distefano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph P. Distefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019769688","display_name":"Hemanth Manjunatha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-8960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hemanth Manjunatha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074202796","display_name":"Souma Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1500-2696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Souma Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032635242","display_name":"Karthik Dantu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-6722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Dantu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003875781","display_name":"David Doermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-4561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Doermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082276481","display_name":"Ehsan T. Esfahani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan T. Esfahani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1198","last_page":"1203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7376354932785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6630204319953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.6401034593582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6134656667709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5263063907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4402436316013336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4383193254470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.4125733971595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4008679986000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32588937878608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11906367540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09067589044570923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7376354932785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6630204319953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.6401034593582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6134656667709351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5263063907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4402436316013336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4383193254470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.4125733971595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4008679986000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32588937878608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11906367540359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09067589044570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607761","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55018851","https://openalex.org/W232422141","https://openalex.org/W1980743818","https://openalex.org/W1993970157","https://openalex.org/W2014695891","https://openalex.org/W2069257286","https://openalex.org/W2100168283","https://openalex.org/W2109664384","https://openalex.org/W2131180276","https://openalex.org/W2397822570","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2762297287","https://openalex.org/W2783278093","https://openalex.org/W2802472961","https://openalex.org/W2915225728","https://openalex.org/W2963390429","https://openalex.org/W2964339789","https://openalex.org/W2994832535","https://openalex.org/W3111974396","https://openalex.org/W3124148379","https://openalex.org/W3204630881","https://openalex.org/W4295830359","https://openalex.org/W6602235344","https://openalex.org/W6747481501","https://openalex.org/W6759303990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288714711","https://openalex.org/W3200708550","https://openalex.org/W2736680465","https://openalex.org/W2771637876","https://openalex.org/W4294093918","https://openalex.org/W4240853094","https://openalex.org/W2810496283","https://openalex.org/W2170656329","https://openalex.org/W3131977017","https://openalex.org/W3205823858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human-swarm":[0],"interaction":[1,77],"has":[2],"recently":[3],"gained":[4],"attention":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,46,56,60,99,148],"its":[8],"plethora":[9],"of":[10,28,38,71,89,195],"new":[11],"applications":[12],"in":[13,74,218,229],"disaster":[14],"relief,":[15],"surveillance,":[16],"rescue,":[17],"and":[18,51,94,169,200,232],"exploration.":[19],"However,":[20],"if":[21],"the":[22,26,29,35,39,48,54,57,69,106,125,130,134,150,183,188,193,196,205,219,226],"task":[23,49,55,72,151,184,237],"difficulty":[24,50,73,185,238],"increases,":[25],"performance":[27],"human":[30,58,85,131],"operator":[31,59],"decreases,":[32],"thereby":[33],"decreasing":[34],"overall":[36],"efficacy":[37],"human-swarm":[40,76],"team.":[41],"Thus,":[42],"it":[43],"is":[44,113,127,132,139,146,234],"critical":[45],"identify":[47],"adaptively":[52],"allocate":[53],"maintain":[61],"optimal":[62],"performance.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"direction,":[66],"we":[67,210],"study":[68,212],"classification":[70,220,239],"a":[75,80,101,170],"experiment":[78],"performing":[79],"target":[81,107],"search":[82,100,108],"mission.":[83,109],"The":[84,110,190,222],"may":[86,121],"control":[87],"platoons":[88],"unmanned":[90,95],"aerial":[91],"vehicles":[92,97],"(UAVs)":[93],"ground":[96],"(UGVs)":[98],"partially":[102],"observable":[103],"environment":[104,126],"during":[105],"mission":[111],"complexity":[112],"increased":[114],"by":[115],"introducing":[116],"adversarial":[117],"teams":[118],"that":[119,225],"humans":[120],"only":[122],"see":[123],"when":[124],"explored.":[128],"While":[129],"completing":[133],"mission,":[135],"their":[136],"brain":[137,207],"activity":[138],"recorded":[140],"using":[141,164,174],"an":[142],"electroencephalogram":[143],"(EEG),":[144],"which":[145],"used":[147,155],"classify":[149,182],"difficulty.":[152],"We":[153],"have":[154],"two":[156],"different":[157],"approaches":[158,180],"for":[159,236],"classification:":[160],"A":[161],"feature-based":[162],"approach":[163,173],"coherence":[165,202],"values":[166],"as":[167,177],"input":[168],"deep":[171],"learning-based":[172],"raw":[175],"EEG":[176],"input.":[178],"Both":[179],"can":[181],"well":[186],"above":[187],"chance.":[189],"results":[191],"showed":[192],"importance":[194],"occipital":[197],"lobe":[198,228],"(O1":[199],"O2)":[201],"feature":[203],"with":[204,241],"other":[206],"regions.":[208],"Moreover,":[209],"also":[211],"individual":[213],"differences":[214],"(expert":[215],"vs.":[216],"novice)":[217],"results.":[221],"analysis":[223],"revealed":[224],"temporal":[227],"experts":[230],"(T4":[231],"T3)":[233],"predominant":[235],"compared":[240],"novices.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}