{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389388072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903","title":"Adversarial Robustness of Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Secondary Control of Islanded Inverter-based AC Microgrids","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness of Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Secondary Control of Islanded Inverter-based AC Microgrids","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389388072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087717727","display_name":"Ezzeldin Shereen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-9545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ezzeldin Shereen","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092247484","display_name":"Kiarash Kazari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-5446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiarash Kazari","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086721943","display_name":"Gy\u00f6rgy D\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-0223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gy\u00f6rgy D\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Stockholm,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Network and Systems Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087717727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20170437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8490939736366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.7544274926185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6648896932601929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6318044066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.49322766065597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.48240458965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4347417950630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.4321436583995819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4073893427848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.29955244064331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2749593257904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2717151343822479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.20781490206718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.180106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.17311352491378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10981041193008423}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8490939736366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.7544274926185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6648896932601929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6318044066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.49322766065597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.48240458965301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4347417950630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.4321436583995819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4073893427848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29955244064331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2749593257904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2717151343822479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.20781490206718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.180106520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.17311352491378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10981041193008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333903","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994440383","https://openalex.org/W2066822226","https://openalex.org/W2071780137","https://openalex.org/W2074229485","https://openalex.org/W2130055347","https://openalex.org/W2151903076","https://openalex.org/W2536374711","https://openalex.org/W2550453031","https://openalex.org/W2587585191","https://openalex.org/W2728126068","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2783859695","https://openalex.org/W2940213010","https://openalex.org/W2949103145","https://openalex.org/W2973303215","https://openalex.org/W2997919730","https://openalex.org/W3003303990","https://openalex.org/W3094767409","https://openalex.org/W3116666954","https://openalex.org/W3168847403","https://openalex.org/W3189694631","https://openalex.org/W4205103003","https://openalex.org/W4205245171","https://openalex.org/W4285127611","https://openalex.org/W4295832406","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6733049761","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6752963931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999848267","https://openalex.org/W3123911006","https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W1985560493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secondary":[0],"control":[1,85],"of":[2,15,46,51,69,82,99,125,148,156,162],"voltage":[3],"magnitude":[4],"and":[5,12,110,159],"frequency":[6],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"to":[9,37,72,95,143,146],"the":[10,44,49,67,97,118,149,163],"stable":[11],"secure":[13],"operation":[14],"microgrids":[16],"(MGs).":[17],"Recent":[18],"years":[19],"have":[20],"witnessed":[21],"an":[22],"increasing":[23],"interest":[24],"in":[25,35,154,160,180],"developing":[26],"secondary":[27,54,84,138],"controllers":[28,55,71,139],"based":[29],"on":[30,79,122],"multi-agent":[31],"reinforcement":[32],"learning":[33],"(MARL),":[34],"order":[36],"replace":[38],"existing":[39],"model-based":[40,47,151],"controllers.":[41],"Nonetheless,":[42],"unlike":[43],"vulnerabilities":[45],"controllers,":[48,152],"vulnerability":[50,68],"MARLbased":[52],"MG":[53,83,127,182],"has":[56],"so":[57],"far":[58],"not":[59],"been":[60],"addressed.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,93,111],"investigate":[66],"MARL":[70,179],"false":[73],"data":[74],"injection":[75],"attacks":[76],"(FDIAs).":[77],"Based":[78,121],"a":[80,87,103,126],"formulation":[81],"as":[86,102,174],"partially":[88,104],"observable":[89,105],"stochastic":[90],"game":[91],"(POSG),":[92],"propose":[94],"formulate":[96],"problem":[98],"computing":[100,167],"FDIAs":[101,144],"Markov":[106],"decision":[107],"process":[108],"(POMDP),":[109],"use":[112],"state-of-the-art":[113],"RL":[114],"algorithms":[115],"for":[116,166,177],"solving":[117],"resulting":[119],"problem.":[120],"extensive":[123],"simulations":[124],"with":[128],"4":[129],"distributed":[130],"generators":[131],"(DGs),":[132],"our":[133],"results":[134,171],"show":[135],"that":[136],"MARL-based":[137],"are":[140],"more":[141],"resilient":[142],"compared":[145],"state":[147],"art":[150],"both":[153],"terms":[155,161],"attack":[157],"impact":[158],"effort":[164],"needed":[165],"impactful":[168],"attacks.":[169],"Our":[170],"can":[172],"serve":[173],"additional":[175],"arguments":[176],"employing":[178],"future":[181],"control.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}