{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126236220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069","title":"When (Inter)actions Speak Louder Than (Pass)words: Task-Based Evaluation of Implicit Authentication in Virtual Reality","display_name":"When (Inter)actions Speak Louder Than (Pass)words: Task-Based Evaluation of Implicit Authentication in Virtual Reality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126236220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 28th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008611445","display_name":"Woojin Jeon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Woojin Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102913972","display_name":"Chaejin Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3547-4904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaejin Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124119735","display_name":"Hyoungshick Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyoungshick Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sungkyunkwan University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Suwon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008611445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85503003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"284","last_page":"297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6826000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.320499986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8137000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6826000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.2603999972343445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/raid67961.2025.00069","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 28th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2122096520","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2793827260","https://openalex.org/W2868320798","https://openalex.org/W2919038723","https://openalex.org/W2941915966","https://openalex.org/W3025972484","https://openalex.org/W3136511512","https://openalex.org/W3160723273","https://openalex.org/W3161983576","https://openalex.org/W3162266527","https://openalex.org/W4225089211","https://openalex.org/W4250490597","https://openalex.org/W4288057757","https://openalex.org/W4304688471","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4324007193","https://openalex.org/W4385187265","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387446124","https://openalex.org/W4392248169","https://openalex.org/W4392249450","https://openalex.org/W4399119602","https://openalex.org/W4399129738","https://openalex.org/W4404213212","https://openalex.org/W4404312705","https://openalex.org/W4405014337","https://openalex.org/W4409720492"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,35,46,57,101,150],"practical":[3],"implicit":[4,164],"authentication":[5,64,111,165],"system":[6,22,61],"for":[7,74,78,83,86],"Virtual":[8],"Reality":[9],"(VR)":[10],"that":[11,159],"uses":[12],"natural":[13],"interaction":[14],"tasksgrabbing,":[15],"pointing,":[16,79],"and":[17,28,31,45,80,99,124,131,162,179],"typing-as":[18],"behavioral":[19],"biometrics.":[20],"The":[21],"extracts":[23],"221":[24],"features":[25],"from":[26,42],"head-mounted":[27],"controller":[29],"sensors":[30],"is":[32,166],"trained":[33],"as":[34],"lightweight":[36],"SVM-based":[37],"binary":[38],"classifier":[39],"using":[40],"data":[41],"legitimate":[43],"users":[44,51],"small":[47],"set":[48],"of":[49,72],"reference":[50],"to":[52,136],"simulate":[53],"attacker":[54],"behavior.":[55],"In":[56],"24-participant":[58],"study,":[59],"our":[60],"achieved":[62],"strong":[63,134],"performance,":[65],"with":[66,118,149,170],"median":[67],"Equal":[68],"Error":[69],"Rates":[70],"(EERs)":[71],"0.4%":[73],"grabbing,":[75,139],"2.6":[76],"%":[77,82],"0.3":[81],"typing.":[84],"Designed":[85],"on-device":[87],"deployment,":[88],"it":[89],"requires":[90],"no":[91],"GPU":[92],"support,":[93],"completes":[94],"inference":[95],"within":[96],"1":[97],"second,":[98],"maintains":[100],"compact":[102],"model":[103],"size":[104],"under":[105,146],"0.2":[106],"MB,":[107],"enabling":[108,173],"efficient,":[109],"real-time":[110,163],"on":[112,177],"standalone":[113],"VR":[114],"headsets.":[115],"Security":[116],"evaluations":[117],"attacker-in-the-loop":[119],"experiments":[120],"across":[121],"no-knowledge,":[122],"shoulder-surfing,":[123],"videoreplay":[125],"conditions":[126],"revealed":[127],"clear":[128],"trade-offs.":[129],"Typing":[130],"pointing":[132],"offered":[133],"resistance":[135],"impersonation,":[137],"while":[138],"despite":[140],"high":[141],"usability,":[142],"was":[143],"more":[144],"vulnerable":[145],"video":[147],"replay":[148],"$23.8":[151],"\\%$":[152],"attack":[153],"success":[154],"rate.":[155],"These":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"secure,":[160],"accurate,":[161],"feasible":[167],"in":[168],"VR,":[169],"task-specific":[171],"characteristics":[172],"flexible":[174],"deployment":[175],"based":[176],"security":[178],"usability":[180],"needs.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-03T00:53:05.648605","created_date":"2026-02-01T00:00:00"}