{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404100988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","title":"Harnessing Federated Learning for Digital Forensics in IoT: A Survey and Introduction to the IoT-LF Framework","display_name":"Harnessing Federated Learning for Digital Forensics in IoT: A Survey and Introduction to the IoT-LF Framework","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404100988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032126890","display_name":"Hania Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-8430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hania Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063382171","display_name":"Nickolaos Koroniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8831-632X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nickolaos Koroniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089327837","display_name":"Nour Moustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-9349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nour Moustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088601486","display_name":"Francesco Schiliro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-2817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Schiliro","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015993565","display_name":"Albert Y. Zomaya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Y. Zomaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","University of Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032126890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":3.1177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93218184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"3161","last_page":"3191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.8444095253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5864529609680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.5487339496612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4792599678039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.42528867721557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.39430004358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29876822233200073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.8444095253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5864529609680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.5487339496612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4792599678039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.42528867721557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.39430004358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29876822233200073}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:436712e69ef14480a681e99f73e568a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/436712e69ef14480a681e99f73e568a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 3161-3191 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3492919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320524","display_name":"University of New South Wales Canberra at Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":139,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548644355","https://openalex.org/W2076587863","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2163422513","https://openalex.org/W2531320996","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2628759714","https://openalex.org/W2737879662","https://openalex.org/W2779841455","https://openalex.org/W2783741806","https://openalex.org/W2786407015","https://openalex.org/W2794624686","https://openalex.org/W2795164731","https://openalex.org/W2798720628","https://openalex.org/W2809146085","https://openalex.org/W2896075375","https://openalex.org/W2896625020","https://openalex.org/W2897222536","https://openalex.org/W2899429604","https://openalex.org/W2903294440","https://openalex.org/W2910612999","https://openalex.org/W2913629656","https://openalex.org/W2919324643","https://openalex.org/W2945566856","https://openalex.org/W2947635729","https://openalex.org/W2962923137","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2969982735","https://openalex.org/W2970181572","https://openalex.org/W2970408908","https://openalex.org/W2972531726","https://openalex.org/W2989289980","https://openalex.org/W2993853848","https://openalex.org/W2998598977","https://openalex.org/W2999472659","https://openalex.org/W3013124972","https://openalex.org/W3014810737","https://openalex.org/W3015744214","https://openalex.org/W3016901213","https://openalex.org/W3018464563","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3027017966","https://openalex.org/W3038895049","https://openalex.org/W3043799819","https://openalex.org/W3045233820","https://openalex.org/W3084128899","https://openalex.org/W3084130864","https://openalex.org/W3084847664","https://openalex.org/W3086579950","https://openalex.org/W3086809868","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3092144916","https://openalex.org/W3093556640","https://openalex.org/W3093692271","https://openalex.org/W3106378891","https://openalex.org/W3107632872","https://openalex.org/W3109695251","https://openalex.org/W3109725889","https://openalex.org/W3109979169","https://openalex.org/W3121002773","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3127190257","https://openalex.org/W3137762252","https://openalex.org/W3138597937","https://openalex.org/W3141567114","https://openalex.org/W3142742079","https://openalex.org/W3143398491","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3157680283","https://openalex.org/W3161846523","https://openalex.org/W3162956350","https://openalex.org/W3163970186","https://openalex.org/W3164537065","https://openalex.org/W3168496996","https://openalex.org/W3171151628","https://openalex.org/W3177095755","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W3182739741","https://openalex.org/W3185153723","https://openalex.org/W3187104866","https://openalex.org/W3187445342","https://openalex.org/W3194227371","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3195473500","https://openalex.org/W3203932036","https://openalex.org/W3206162503","https://openalex.org/W3209696639","https://openalex.org/W3210845214","https://openalex.org/W3211010549","https://openalex.org/W3211040691","https://openalex.org/W4200037416","https://openalex.org/W4205591845","https://openalex.org/W4206724648","https://openalex.org/W4206912802","https://openalex.org/W4210629969","https://openalex.org/W4210960727","https://openalex.org/W4213423307","https://openalex.org/W4214911557","https://openalex.org/W4220693827","https://openalex.org/W4220738117","https://openalex.org/W4220810976","https://openalex.org/W4220997786","https://openalex.org/W4224284455","https://openalex.org/W4226069434","https://openalex.org/W4226436956","https://openalex.org/W4229029907","https://openalex.org/W4256243668","https://openalex.org/W4280503843","https://openalex.org/W4281287860","https://openalex.org/W4283791586","https://openalex.org/W4285205054","https://openalex.org/W4285261197","https://openalex.org/W4287843580","https://openalex.org/W4296218597","https://openalex.org/W4298630455","https://openalex.org/W4310931642","https://openalex.org/W4313700862","https://openalex.org/W4323338381","https://openalex.org/W4324031745","https://openalex.org/W4366967156","https://openalex.org/W4377294193","https://openalex.org/W4385815544","https://openalex.org/W4386102753","https://openalex.org/W4386134245","https://openalex.org/W4390660348","https://openalex.org/W4391768879","https://openalex.org/W4393965194","https://openalex.org/W4399168337","https://openalex.org/W6637618429","https://openalex.org/W6742061381","https://openalex.org/W6770040465","https://openalex.org/W6773640337","https://openalex.org/W6780696487","https://openalex.org/W6794196491","https://openalex.org/W6801147830","https://openalex.org/W6802645065","https://openalex.org/W6810523259","https://openalex.org/W6855962516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,169],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,5,57,91,96,137,162,173,181,187],"the":[3,54,89,94,138,158,166,193,197],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"systems":[8],"has":[9,46],"fueled":[10],"a":[11,64,73,116,134,179,184],"surge":[12],"in":[13,33,81,93,111,128,211],"cybercrime,":[14],"particularly":[15],"through":[16],"advanced":[17],"persistent":[18],"threats,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"botnets":[22],"and":[23,37,78,114,125,143,160,171,202],"ransomware,":[24],"posing":[25],"challenges":[26,70],"for":[27,67,76,147,206,209],"centralized":[28],"Digital":[29],"Forensics":[30,120],"(DF)":[31],"solutions":[32,205],"tracking":[34],"decentralized":[35],"attacks":[36],"ensuring":[38],"data":[39,86,148,164],"privacy.":[40,87],"Despite":[41],"these":[42,69,163],"challenges,":[43,199],"existing":[44],"research":[45,198,204],"primarily":[47],"focused":[48],"on":[49,192],"traditional":[50],"DF":[51,210],"methods,":[52],"overlooking":[53],"unique":[55],"demands":[56],"IoT":[58,82,97,112,118,129,213],"environments.":[59,130],"Federated":[60],"Learning":[61,119],"(FL)":[62],"provides":[63],"promising":[65],"solution":[66,75],"addressing":[68],"by":[71,107,178],"offering":[72],"privacy-preserving":[74],"detecting":[77],"investigating":[79],"cyberattacks":[80,127],"networks":[83],"without":[84],"compromising":[85],"However,":[88],"potential":[90],"FL":[92,152,208],"context":[95],"forensics":[98,113],"remains":[99],"largely":[100],"unexplored.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103],"bridges":[104],"this":[105,132,174],"gap":[106],"reviewing":[108],"recent":[109],"studies":[110],"proposing":[115],"novel":[117],"(IoT-LF)":[121],"framework":[122,175],"to":[123,156],"detect":[124],"trace":[126],"In":[131,150],"framework,":[133],"multi-dimensional":[135],"view":[136],"environment,":[139],"including":[140],"telemetry,":[141],"network,":[142],"application,":[144],"is":[145],"considered":[146],"gathering.":[149],"addition,":[151],"cycles":[153],"are":[154,176,215],"employed":[155],"automate":[157],"examination":[159],"analysis":[161],"during":[165],"investigation":[167],"process.":[168],"feasibility":[170],"functionality":[172],"validated":[177],"Proof":[180],"Concept,":[182],"achieving":[183],"detection":[185],"accuracy":[186],"approximately":[188],"81.69%,":[189],"when":[190],"trained":[191],"TON-IoT":[194],"dataset.":[195],"Moreover,":[196],"lessons":[200],"learned,":[201],"future":[203],"applying":[207],"an":[212],"environment":[214],"discussed.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
