{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289655106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102","title":"On the energy efficiency of Laser-based Optical Wireless Networks","display_name":"On the energy efficiency of Laser-based Optical Wireless Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289655106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 8th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049383408","display_name":"Walter Zibusiso Ncube","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Walter Zibusiso Ncube","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028292875","display_name":"Ahmad Adnan Qidan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6801-9950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Adnan Qidan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090289685","display_name":"Taisir E. H. El-Gorashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-1790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taisir El-Gorashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052093340","display_name":"M. H. Jaafar Elmirghani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. H. Jaafar Elmirghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,Leeds,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049383408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72741711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"7","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","score":0.7797792553901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.6758908033370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.6576002836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5655953884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5551712512969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5329397916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4719373881816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46408626437187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless-communications","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","score":0.4537922441959381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4391043782234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.43158769607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.42272642254829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3700575530529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3596096634864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3515610694885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2737157940864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19695711135864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1724127233028412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16475766897201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.12132346630096436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106246969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009618","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","level":3,"score":0.7797792553901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.6758908033370972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.6576002836227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5655953884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5551712512969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5329397916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4719373881816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46408626437187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107021485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18385577","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","level":4,"score":0.4537922441959381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4391043782234192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.43158769607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.42272642254829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3700575530529022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3596096634864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3515610694885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2737157940864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19695711135864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1724127233028412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16475766897201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.12132346630096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/netsoft54395.2022.9844102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 8th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1301389261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2995055066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K016873/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6002839104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H040536/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898074348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S016570/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W606107188","https://openalex.org/W1556251207","https://openalex.org/W1990828452","https://openalex.org/W2005912565","https://openalex.org/W2022025445","https://openalex.org/W2026676912","https://openalex.org/W2030249347","https://openalex.org/W2058400242","https://openalex.org/W2062144638","https://openalex.org/W2075124103","https://openalex.org/W2096439251","https://openalex.org/W2097487431","https://openalex.org/W2098719542","https://openalex.org/W2099679373","https://openalex.org/W2105147296","https://openalex.org/W2111185482","https://openalex.org/W2120936389","https://openalex.org/W2121650941","https://openalex.org/W2121724920","https://openalex.org/W2139864908","https://openalex.org/W2144157210","https://openalex.org/W2146761479","https://openalex.org/W2153483340","https://openalex.org/W2164664877","https://openalex.org/W2276214357","https://openalex.org/W2289141984","https://openalex.org/W2341458477","https://openalex.org/W2477909931","https://openalex.org/W2482657654","https://openalex.org/W2584260161","https://openalex.org/W2604605071","https://openalex.org/W2765371737","https://openalex.org/W2768116262","https://openalex.org/W2905026432","https://openalex.org/W2956096430","https://openalex.org/W2962803231","https://openalex.org/W3021804614","https://openalex.org/W3101971347","https://openalex.org/W3133019542","https://openalex.org/W3154179369","https://openalex.org/W3193575589","https://openalex.org/W3210851253","https://openalex.org/W3216895558","https://openalex.org/W4213453502","https://openalex.org/W4226342462","https://openalex.org/W6694751795","https://openalex.org/W6735920575","https://openalex.org/W6772937060","https://openalex.org/W6804066334","https://openalex.org/W6987929365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011705637","https://openalex.org/W2092431976","https://openalex.org/W1977047551","https://openalex.org/W2150032029","https://openalex.org/W1528121109","https://openalex.org/W1965959303","https://openalex.org/W2099434077","https://openalex.org/W3214184060","https://openalex.org/W3127439791","https://openalex.org/W3165164125"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"wireless":[1,22],"Communication":[2],"(OWC)":[3],"is":[4,24,52,66,91,107],"a":[5,19,43],"strong":[6],"candidate":[7],"in":[8,26,123,144,153],"the":[9,55,95,99,105,116,130,135,147,154],"next":[10],"generation":[11],"(6G)":[12],"of":[13,59,64,98,104,146],"cellular":[14],"networks.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"laser-based":[20],"optical":[21],"network":[23,106],"deployed":[25],"an":[27,62],"indoor":[28],"environment":[29],"using":[30,140],"Vertical":[31],"Cavity":[32],"Surface":[33],"Emitting":[34],"Lasers":[35],"(VCSELS)":[36],"as":[37],"transmitters":[38],"serving":[39],"multiple":[40,72],"users.":[41],"Specifically,":[42],"commercially":[44],"available":[45],"low-cost":[46],"VCSEL":[47],"operating":[48],"at":[49],"S50nm":[50],"wavelength":[51],"used.":[53],"Considering":[54],"confined":[56],"coverage":[57],"area":[58],"each":[60],"VCSEL,":[61],"array":[63],"VCSELs":[65,148],"designed":[67],"to":[68,71,93,114,150],"transmit":[69],"data":[70],"users":[73],"through":[74],"narrow":[75],"beams":[76],"taking":[77],"into":[78],"account":[79],"eye":[80],"safety":[81],"regulations.":[82],"To":[83],"manage":[84],"multi-user":[85],"interference":[86],"(MUI),":[87],"Zero":[88],"Forcing":[89],"(ZF)":[90],"implemented":[92],"maximize":[94],"multiplexing":[96],"gain":[97],"network.":[100],"The":[101,126],"energy":[102,131,155],"efficiency":[103,132],"studied":[108],"under":[109],"different":[110],"laser":[111,118,136],"beam":[112,119,137],"waists":[113],"find":[115],"effective":[117],"size":[120],"that":[121,129],"results":[122,127],"throughput":[124],"enhancement.":[125],"show":[128],"increases":[133],"with":[134],"waist.":[138],"Moreover,":[139],"micro":[141],"lenses":[142],"placed":[143],"front":[145],"leads":[149],"significant":[151],"increase":[152],"efficiency.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}