{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1985933785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","title":"The Origins of Miniature Global Positioning System-Based Navigation Systems [SP History]","display_name":"The Origins of Miniature Global Positioning System-Based Navigation Systems [SP History]","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1985933785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","mag":"1985933785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062963118","display_name":"Larry B. Stotts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-7769"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry B. Stotts","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110583630","display_name":"Sherman Karp","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherman Karp","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055618365","display_name":"J. Aein","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph M. Aein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7279,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92073109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"6","first_page":"114","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.9193000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.9193000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.933377742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-navigation-system","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","score":0.6211414933204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.5997244119644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.5213322043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.514029860496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4953218996524811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.46885260939598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quasi-zenith-satellite-system","display_name":"Quasi-Zenith Satellite System","score":0.41541221737861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4133513569831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3767315149307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23123088479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.1627313494682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.13610848784446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.11462974548339844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.933377742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.6211414933204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.5997244119644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.5213322043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.514029860496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4953218996524811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.46885260939598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68477667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862327","display_name":"Quasi-Zenith Satellite System","level":5,"score":0.41541221737861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4133513569831848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3767315149307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23123088479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.1627313494682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.13610848784446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.11462974548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.2343985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575483005","https://openalex.org/W1814101481","https://openalex.org/W2000855202","https://openalex.org/W2172074935","https://openalex.org/W2198355689","https://openalex.org/W6638318577","https://openalex.org/W6687218215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566850069","https://openalex.org/W1976872165","https://openalex.org/W1528742109","https://openalex.org/W39414501","https://openalex.org/W2999764109","https://openalex.org/W2125526179","https://openalex.org/W1566206277","https://openalex.org/W2595815279","https://openalex.org/W2904913460","https://openalex.org/W1502428564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,6,48,61,90,109,113,121],"past":[2],"decade":[3],"or":[4],"so,":[5],"Navigation":[7],"Signal":[8],"Timing":[9],"and":[10,32,65,74,76,82,97,115],"Ranging":[11],"Global":[12],"Positioning":[13],"System":[14],"(NAVSTAR":[15],"GPS)":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"synonymous":[19],"with":[20],"personal":[21],"navigation.":[22],"We":[23],"find":[24],"GPS":[25,50,62,94],"in":[26,57],"our":[27],"smartphones,":[28],"tablets,":[29],"cars,":[30],"aircraft,":[31],"boats.":[33],"But":[34],"how":[35],"did":[36],"it":[37],"get":[38],"that":[39,92],"way?":[40],"The":[41],"U.S.":[42],"Department":[43],"of":[44],"Defense":[45],"(DoD)":[46],"established":[47],"NAVSTAR":[49],"Joint":[51],"Program":[52],"Office":[53],"(JPO)":[54],"(GPS":[55],"JPO)":[56],"1973":[58],"to":[59,80],"make":[60],"a":[63],"military":[64,81,114,125],"civilian":[66,83],"reality":[67],"[1]?[3].":[68],"However,":[69],"its":[70],"receivers":[71],"were":[72],"large":[73],"heavy":[75],"not":[77],"very":[78],"attractive":[79],"personnel":[84],"without":[85],"vehicles.":[86],"It":[87],"wasn?t":[88],"until":[89],"mid-1980s":[91],"miniature":[93],"receiver":[95],"(GPSR)":[96],"inertial":[98],"navigation":[99,118],"system":[100],"(INS)":[101],"technologies":[102],"came":[103],"into":[104],"being,":[105],"whose":[106],"architectures":[107],"became":[108],"standards":[110],"for":[111],"both":[112],"commercial":[116],"precise":[117],"markets":[119],"after":[120],"1991":[122],"Desert":[123],"Storm":[124],"campaign":[126],"[4].":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
