{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403420424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973","title":"A Vision of 3GPP Wireless Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles: Scenarios, Architectures, Security Challenges, Solutions, and Future Trends","display_name":"A Vision of 3GPP Wireless Sensing for Intelligent Vehicles: Scenarios, Architectures, Security Challenges, Solutions, and Future Trends","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403420424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042814178","display_name":"Chao Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-1339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101850333","display_name":"Jin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-7252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004733576","display_name":"Yurong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yurong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036725114","display_name":"Ben Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-7495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768012","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/012cr4033","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726358","display_name":"Lu Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-7660"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["OPPO Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OPPO Research Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101720092","display_name":"Kwok\u2010Yan Lam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwok-Yan Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","College of Computer and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093293797","display_name":"Chi-Hung Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4336-3407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Hung Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Digital Trust Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","National Digital Trust Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Trust Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Digital Trust Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024453724","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-7169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042814178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3691,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57112472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"80","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9445000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7623748183250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.58563631772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41731277108192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4079853594303131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36666393280029297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7623748183250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.58563631772995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41731277108192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4079853594303131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36666393280029297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2024.3480973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186584794","display_name":"IEEE Network","issn_l":"0890-8044","issn":["0890-8044","1558-156X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Network","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/206558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/206558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2207847045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4687489897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8145832166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315473675","https://openalex.org/W4322731025","https://openalex.org/W4367016665","https://openalex.org/W4382677657","https://openalex.org/W4386275616","https://openalex.org/W4386275752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensing":[0,34],"technologies":[1,21,131],"tailored":[2,112],"for":[3,50],"intelligent":[4],"vehicles":[5],"have":[6],"significantly":[7],"improved":[8],"user":[9],"experience":[10],"and":[11,27,35,69,106,109,136],"facilitated":[12],"the":[13,43,66,84,93,97,127],"progression":[14],"toward":[15],"autonomous":[16],"driving.":[17],"However,":[18],"traditional":[19],"sensing":[20,52,62,116],"often":[22],"face":[23],"stringent":[24],"environmental":[25],"requirements":[26],"practical":[28],"challenges.":[29],"The":[30],"emergence":[31],"of":[32,45,77,92,129],"Integrated":[33],"Communication":[36],"(ISAC)":[37],"has":[38],"led":[39],"to":[40,113],"proposals":[41],"advocating":[42],"utilization":[44],"wireless":[46],"mobile":[47],"communication":[48],"networks":[49],"vehicle":[51,61,115,124],"purposes.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,88,101,119],"identify":[58],"21":[59],"distinct":[60],"scenarios":[63],"based":[64],"on":[65],"3GPP":[67],"standard":[68],"propose":[70,107],"6":[71],"major":[72],"architectures":[73],"(comprising":[74],"a":[75,90],"total":[76],"29":[78],"specific":[79],"detailed":[80],"architectures)":[81],"aligned":[82],"with":[83,96],"5G/6G":[85],"systems.":[86],"Additionally,":[87],"provide":[89],"comparison":[91],"delays":[94],"associated":[95],"proposed":[98],"architectures.":[99],"Furthermore,":[100],"address":[102],"key":[103],"security":[104],"concerns":[105],"authorization":[108],"authentication":[110],"schemes":[111],"typical":[114],"scenarios.":[117],"Lastly,":[118],"explore":[120],"future":[121],"trends":[122],"in":[123],"sensing,":[125],"considering":[126],"integration":[128],"other":[130],"such":[132],"as":[133],"edge":[134],"computing":[135],"digital":[137],"twin.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
