{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2071819135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","title":"Hybrid DS/FFH spread-spectrum: A robust, secure transmission technique for communication in harsh environments","display_name":"Hybrid DS/FFH spread-spectrum: A robust, secure transmission technique for communication in harsh environments","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2071819135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","mag":"2071819135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 - MILCOM 2011 Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079933418","display_name":"Mohammed M. Olama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3890-2064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed M. Olama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020323895","display_name":"Xiao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-9481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electrical Eng. and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37916, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Eng. and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37916, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045320466","display_name":"Teja Kuruganti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-4026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teja P. Kuruganti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043058554","display_name":"Stephen F. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-3166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen F. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024483587","display_name":"Seddik M. Djouadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seddik M. Djouadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electrical Eng. and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37916, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Eng. and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37916, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079933418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85385848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2136","last_page":"2141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","score":0.9032150506973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.7817287445068359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.6216086745262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5965003967285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.59104984998703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.5738941431045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5480284690856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.5390469431877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5296471118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-shift-keying","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","score":0.4641697406768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46223336458206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-hopping","display_name":"Time-hopping","score":0.44193360209465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.438005656003952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.370513379573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27673041820526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.26172786951065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.2153330147266388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1921495795249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.19164836406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16167449951171875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122962297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136013","display_name":"Frequency-hopping spread spectrum","level":2,"score":0.9032150506973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.7817287445068359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.6216086745262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5965003967285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.59104984998703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.5738941431045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5480284690856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.5390469431877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5296471118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163996819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166054","display_name":"Frequency-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.4641697406768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46223336458206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165411621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801261","display_name":"Time-hopping","level":5,"score":0.44193360209465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.438005656003952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.370513379573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27673041820526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.26172786951065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.2153330147266388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1921495795249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.19164836406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16167449951171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2011.6127636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 - MILCOM 2011 Military Communications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500551892","https://openalex.org/W1507360076","https://openalex.org/W2008250166","https://openalex.org/W2029476258","https://openalex.org/W2036201099","https://openalex.org/W2036505910","https://openalex.org/W2096744862","https://openalex.org/W2103154484","https://openalex.org/W2106502249","https://openalex.org/W2123211447","https://openalex.org/W2125278314","https://openalex.org/W2126419485","https://openalex.org/W2129027434","https://openalex.org/W2130917709","https://openalex.org/W2150528929","https://openalex.org/W2541668956","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W4236584668","https://openalex.org/W4248676392","https://openalex.org/W6728739853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109987985","https://openalex.org/W2304504342","https://openalex.org/W2377601335","https://openalex.org/W2326235213","https://openalex.org/W2098124984","https://openalex.org/W2898347774","https://openalex.org/W2542002834","https://openalex.org/W2265199195","https://openalex.org/W1608975172","https://openalex.org/W302995055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spread-spectrum":[0],"modulation":[1,88],"techniques":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"adopted":[5],"for":[6,71,112,183],"many":[7,72],"current":[8],"and":[9,31,77,120,130,140,154,163],"future":[10],"military":[11],"communication":[12],"systems":[13],"to":[14,156,175],"accommodate":[15],"high":[16,20],"data":[17],"rates":[18],"with":[19,45,89],"link":[21],"integrity,":[22],"even":[23],"in":[24],"the":[25,46,81,125,149,178,181],"presence":[26],"of":[27,48,67,74,85,138,148,159,170,180],"significant":[28],"multipath":[29],"effects":[30,126],"interfering":[32],"signals.":[33],"A":[34,63],"more":[35],"recent":[36],"synergistic":[37],"combination":[38,84],"is":[39,80,152,172],"a":[40,100,113,145],"direct-sequence":[41],"spread-spectrum":[42,61],"(DSSS)":[43],"signaling":[44],"use":[47],"integrally":[49],"coordinated":[50],"frequency":[51,91,96],"hopping":[52,92],"(FH)":[53],"and/or":[54,135],"time-hopping":[55],"(TH)":[56],"modulation,":[57],"generically":[58],"dubbed":[59],"hybrid":[60,114],"(HSS).":[62],"highly":[64],"useful":[65],"form":[66],"this":[68,105],"transmission":[69],"scheme":[70],"types":[73],"command,":[75],"control,":[76],"sensing":[78],"applications":[79],"specific":[82],"code-related":[83],"standard":[86,118,161],"DSSS":[87,162],"\"fast\"":[90],"(FFH),":[93],"wherein":[94],"multiple":[95],"hops":[97],"occur":[98],"within":[99],"single":[101],"data-bit":[102],"time.":[103],"In":[104,143],"paper,":[106],"detailed":[107],"error-probability":[108],"analyses":[109],"are":[110],"performed":[111,153],"DS/FFH":[115,150],"system":[116],"over":[117],"Gaussian":[119],"fading-type":[121],"channels,":[122],"progressively":[123],"including":[124],"from":[127],"wide-band,":[128],"partial-band,":[129],"follow-on":[131],"jamming,":[132],"multi-user":[133],"interference":[134],"varying":[136],"degrees":[137],"Rayleigh":[139],"Rician":[141],"fading.":[142],"addition,":[144],"simulation-based":[146],"study":[147],"performance":[151],"compared":[155],"several":[157],"forms":[158],"existing":[160],"FHSS":[164],"wireless":[165],"networks.":[166],"The":[167],"parameter":[168],"space":[169],"HSS":[171],"also":[173],"explored":[174],"further":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"adaptability":[179],"waveform":[182],"varied":[184],"harsh":[185],"RF":[186],"signal":[187],"environments.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}